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Reservoir Routing

Reservoir routing is a technique used to predict the shape of hydrographs as water moves through river channels and reservoirs. It can be used to predict hydrograph shapes and flooding potential from multiple rainfall events in a watershed. This technique is essential for reservoir design, including spillway and outlet capacities, and determining reservoir sizes to meet requirements. Artificial neural networks can be used as black-box models for flood forecasting based on past rainfall and flow observations, and they have been shown to reproduce the nonlinear rainfall-runoff processes relatively well.

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152 views32 pages

Reservoir Routing

Reservoir routing is a technique used to predict the shape of hydrographs as water moves through river channels and reservoirs. It can be used to predict hydrograph shapes and flooding potential from multiple rainfall events in a watershed. This technique is essential for reservoir design, including spillway and outlet capacities, and determining reservoir sizes to meet requirements. Artificial neural networks can be used as black-box models for flood forecasting based on past rainfall and flow observations, and they have been shown to reproduce the nonlinear rainfall-runoff processes relatively well.

Uploaded by

markos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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a technique used to predict.

the changes in
shape of a hydrograph as water moves through
a river channel or a reservoir.

can be used to predict the hydrograph shape (and thus lowland


flooding potential) subsequent to multiple rainfall events in
different sub-catchments of the watershed.
This form of reservoir routing is essential in:

–the design of the capacity of spillways and other reservoir outlet


and structures
- the location and sizing of the capacity of reservoirs to meet specific
requirements
A = the volume of
water that fills
available storage
up to time t1
C = volume of
water that flows
out of the
reservoir and
MUST EQUAL area
A if the reservoir
begin and ends at
the same level
Inflow I Outflow O
System with Storage S

From the conversation of mass, water balance in figure for a


system can be expressed as :
I – Q = Δ𝑆/Δ𝑡

•Where;
I = upstream inflow
Q = downstream outflow
ΔS = change in storage
Δt = change in time Δ𝑆
Modified Pul’s Method
Questions:
Route the flood and obtain
i. The outflow hydrograph
ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve during the passage of the flood
wave
Goodrich’s Method
Let positivity and optimism
flows in you and store it in your
heart.
Then, allow all your worries and
fears to flow out from your life.
BLACK-BOX MODELLING

• The most widely diffused application of ANN(Artificial Neural Networks) for


flood forecasting is their use as a black-box hydrologic model, at time scales
ranging from one year to one day. Several studies have been dedicated to
the prediction of river flows with no exogenous inputs, that is with the only
use of past flow observations.
• The ANNs are used as univariate time series analysis techniques, forecasting
the future discharge (output) on the basis of the last observed values
(input). But the large majority of hydrologic ANN applications consists in the
prediction of future flows with exogenous input, that is, based on the
knowledge of previous rainfall depths (and, rarely, other meteorological
variables) along with past observed flows.
• The appeal of the use of ANNs as black-box rainfall-runoff models lies
mainly in their capability to reproduce the highly non-linear nature of the
physical phenomena dominating the rainfall-runoff transformation and
encouraging results have been obtained in literature on both real and
synthetic hydrologic data.
• In a rainfall-runoff application, where the rainfall represents the exogenous
input, in correspondence of each forecast instant the input consists of rainfall
depths observed over a past time interval.
• In addition, the last observed discharges are generally included as inputs. In
fact, the response time of the river depends on the state of saturation of the
basin, which is a function of the rainfall history in the period preceding the
flood event. If the model is not run in a continuous way, where the state of the
catchment is represented by the moisture contents in the various stores, the
only information available on the conditions of the basin before the current
storm, and therefore on the capability of the system to respond to rainfall
perturbation, is the ongoing runoff in the closing section).
• In the present work, ANNs are first used without exogenous input, that is
without the use of rainfall observations. Only the last measured discharges are
provided as input to the networks, analyzing the performance of the forecasts
provided for the validation sets over the varying lead-times. It may therefore
be identified the optimal number of inputs, that is the number of past
discharge observations that seem to mainly influence the future occurrences. In
the second type of application, the same optimal number of past discharges is
given as input to the ANN, along with exogenous inputs, that is past rainfall
values, thus testing a rainfall-runoff modelling approach.
• The black-box application confirms the importance of the addition of
the exogenous input. This appears to be more remarkable for
increasing lead-times, as could be expected given the stronger
influence of rainfall. The best performing networks have moderate
hidden layers dimensions and are relatively parsimonious. In fact the
analysis of the forecasts with varying number of input nodes indicates
as most influencing the past four hourly values of observed flow and
the past four values of rainfall.

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