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Lesson 03 - Radar Principles I

This document provides an overview of radar principles and systems. It describes the basic operation of pulse radar and continuous wave radar. Pulse radar uses pulse transmission with parameters like pulse width and pulse repetition frequency. Continuous wave radar relies on Doppler shift from continual energy transmission. The document explains components of pulse and continuous wave radar like transmitters, receivers, antennas. It also covers topics like beamwidth, azimuth and altitude measurement, wave modulation, antenna types, and wave guides.

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Didik Javier Hariyanto
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44 views

Lesson 03 - Radar Principles I

This document provides an overview of radar principles and systems. It describes the basic operation of pulse radar and continuous wave radar. Pulse radar uses pulse transmission with parameters like pulse width and pulse repetition frequency. Continuous wave radar relies on Doppler shift from continual energy transmission. The document explains components of pulse and continuous wave radar like transmitters, receivers, antennas. It also covers topics like beamwidth, azimuth and altitude measurement, wave modulation, antenna types, and wave guides.

Uploaded by

Didik Javier Hariyanto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radar Principles and

Systems
Part I
Learning Objectives
Comprehend basic operation of a simple
pulse radar system and a simple
continuous wave radar system
Know the following terms: pulse width,
pulse repetition frequency, carrier
frequency, peak power, average power,
and duty cycle
Know the block diagram of a simple pulse
radar system
Learning Objectives
Comprehend the concept of Doppler
frequency shift
Know the block diagram of a simple
continuous wave radar system (amplifiers,
power amplifiers, oscillators, and
waveguides)
Comprehend the use of filters in a CW
radar system
Two Basic Radar Types

Pulse Transmission

Continuous Wave
Pulse Transmission
Pulse Width (PW)
– Length or duration of a given pulse
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
– Frequency at which consecutive pulse are transmitted
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT=1/PRF)
– Time from beginning of one pulse to the next
– Inverse of PRF
PW determines radar’s
– Minimum detection range
– Maximum detection range
PRF determines radar’s
– Maximum detection range
Pulse Radar Components

Synchronizer Transmitter

Power
Duplexer ANT.
Supply

Display Unit Receiver

Antenna Control
Continuous Wave Radar

Continual energy transmission

Separate transmit/receive antennas

Relies on “DOPPLER SHIFT”


Doppler Frequency Shifts

Motion Away:
Echo Frequency Decreases

Motion Towards:
Echo Frequency Increases
Doppler Effect
Continuous Wave Radar
Components
Transmitter Antenna
CW RF
Oscillator OUT

Discriminator AMP Mixer IN

Antenna

Indicator
Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave

Pulse Echo Continuous Wave


Single antenna Requires 2 antennae
Gives range, usually Range or Altitude info
altitude as well High SNR
Susceptible to jamming More difficult to jam but
Range determined by easily deceived
PW and PRF Can be tuned to look
for frequencies
RADAR Wave Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation
– Vary the amplitude of the carrier sine wave
 Frequency Modulation
– Vary the frequency of the carrier sine wave
 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
– Vary the amplitude of the pulses
 Pulse-Frequency Modulation
– Vary the Frequency at which the pulses occur
Antennae
Two basic purposes:
– Radiates RF energy
– Provides beam forming and energy focusing

Must be 1/2 the wave length for maximum wave


length employed
Wide beam pattern for search
Narrow beam pattern for tracking
Beamwidth Vs. Accuracy

Beamwidth vs Accuracy

Ship A Ship B
Determining Azimuth Angular
Measurement

Azimuth Angular Measurement


Relative Bearing = Angle from ship’s heading.
True Bearing = Ship’s Heading + Relative Bearing

Ship’s Heading
N Angle

Target Angle
Determining Altitude

Determining Altitude

a nge
nt R
Sla
Altitude

Angle of Elevation

Altitude = slant range x sin0 elevation


Concentrating Radar Energy
Through Beam Formation
Linear Arrays
– Uses following principles
Wave summation (constructive interference)
Wave cancellation (destructive interference)
– Made up of two or more simple ½ wave antennae
– Example – Aegis Radar

Quasi-optical
– Uses reflectors and “lenses” to shape the beam
Wave Guides
Used as a medium for
high energy shielding.
Uses magnetic field to
keep energy centered
in the wave guide.
Filled with an inert gas
to prevent arcing due to
high voltages within the
wave guide.
Questions?

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