PPT ch06

MIS
CHAPTER 6
DATA COMMUNICATION:
DELIVERING INFORMATION
ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME
Hossein BIDGOLI
MIS, Chapter 6
©2011 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning
1
Chapter 6 Data Communication: Delivering Information Anywhere and Anytime
learning outcomes
LO1 Describe major applications of data communication
systems.
LO2 Explain the major components of a data
communication system.
LO3 Describe the major types of processing
configurations.
LO4 Explain the three types of networks.
LO5 Describe the main network topologies.
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l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
LO6 Explain important networking concepts, such as
bandwidth, routing, routers, and the client/server
model.
LO7 Describe wireless and mobile technologies and
networks.
LO8 Discuss the importance of wireless security and the
techniques used.
LO9 Summarize the convergence phenomenon and its
applications for business and personal use.
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Defining Data Communication

• Data communication
– Electronic transfer of data from one location to
another
– Enables an information system to deliver information
– Improves the flexibility of data collection and
transmission
– Basis of virtual organizations
– Provides e-collaboration
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Why Managers Need to Know About Data

Communication
• Separating an organization’s core functions from
the data communication systems that enable
and support them is difficult
• Enhances decision makers’ efficiency and
effectiveness
• Enables organizations to use e-mail and
electronic file transfer to improve efficiency and
productivity
• Highlights how data communication technologies
are used in the workplace
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Why Managers Need to Know About Data

Communication (cont’d.)
• Important concepts:
– The basics of data communication and networking
– The Internet, intranets, and extranets
– Wired and wireless networks
– Network security issues and measures
– Organizational and social effects of data
communication
– Globalization issues
– Applications of data communication systems
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Basic Concepts in a Data Communication System

• Bandwidth
– Amount of data that can be transferred from one
point to another in a certain time period
• Attenuation
– Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the
sending device to the receiving device
• Broadband data transmission
– Multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to
increase the transmission rate
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Basic Concepts in a Data Communication System

(cont’d.)
• Narrowband
– Voice-grade transmission channel capable of
transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a
limited amount of information can be transferred
• Protocols
– Rules that govern data communication, including
error detection, message length, and transmission
speed
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Sender and Receiver Devices

• Device can be one of the following:
– “Thin client”
– Smart terminal
– Intelligent terminal
– Netbook
– Other types of computers
– Smartphones, mobile phones, mp3 players, PDAs,
game consoles
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Modems
• Modem (short for “modulator-demodulator”)
– Device that connects a user to the Internet
– Not required for all Internet connections
• Types
– Dial-up (analog)
– Digital subscriber line (DSL)
– Cable
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Communication Media
• Communication media
– Also called channels
– Connect sender and receiver devices
• Conducted media
– Provide a physical path along which signals are
transmitted
– Include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber
optics
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Exhibit 6.1 Types of Communication Media
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Communication Media (cont’d.)

• Radiated media
– Use an antenna for transmitting data through air or
water
– Some work based on “line of sight”
– Include broadcast radio, terrestrial microwave, and
satellite
• Types
– Point-to-point
– Multipoint system
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Processing Configurations
• Data communication systems can be used in
several different configurations
• Over past 60 years, three types of processing
configurations have emerged:
– Centralized
– Decentralized
– Distributed
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Centralized Processing
• Centralized processing system
– Processing is done at one central computer
• Advantage
– Being able to exercise tight control on system
operations and applications
• Disadvantage
– Lack of responsiveness to users’ needs
• Not commonly used
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Decentralized Processing
• Decentralized processing
– Each user, department, or division has its own
computer for performing processing
• Advantage
– More responsive to users
• Disadvantages
– Lack of coordination
– High costs
– Duplication of efforts
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Distributed Processing
• Distributed processing
– Centralized control and decentralized operations
• Advantages
– Accessing unused processing power is possible
– Computer power can be added or removed
– Distance and location aren’t limiting
– More compatible with organizational growth
– Fault tolerance
– Resources can be shared to reduce costs
– Reliability is improved
–
MIS, Chapter 6
More responsive to user needs
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Distributed Processing (cont’d.)

• Disadvantages
– Dependence on communication technology
– Incompatibility between equipment
– More challenging network management
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Open Systems Interconnection Model

• Seven-layer architecture for defining how data is
transmitted
• Layers:
– Application
– Presentation
– Session
– Transport
– Network
– Data link
– Physical
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Types of Networks
• Three major types of networks:
– Local area networks, wide area networks, and
metropolitan area networks
• Network interface card (NIC)
– Hardware component that enables computers to
communicate over a network
• Common types of local area networks:
– Ethernet and token ring
• Network operating system (NOS) must be
installed
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Local Area Networks

• Connect workstations and peripheral devices
that are in close proximity
• Limited geographical area
• Data transfer speed varies from 100 Mbps to 10
Gbps
• Purpose to share resources
• Key terms:
– Ethernet and Ethernet cable
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Wide Area Networks

• Span several cities, states, or even countries
• Owned by different parties
• Data transfer speed: 28.8 Kbps to 155 Mbps
• Use many different communication media
• Connect to other networks
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Metropolitan Area Networks

• Communication for multiple organizations in a
city and sometimes nearby cities
• Data transfer speed varies from 34 Mbps to 155
Mbps
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Exhibit 6.4 Metropolitan Area Networks
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Network Topologies
• Represent a network’s physical layout
• Five common topologies:
– Star
– Ring
– Bus
– Hierarchical
– Mesh
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Star Topology
• Central computer and a series of nodes
• Advantages
– Cable layouts are easy to modify
– Centralized control makes detecting problems easier
– Nodes can be added to the network easily
– Better for handling heavy but short bursts of traffic
• Disadvantages
– Single point of potential failure
– Increased cost due to many cables
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Ring Topology
• Each computer manages its own connectivity
• Each node is connected to two other nodes
– Upstream neighbor and downstream neighbor
• Transmission in one direction
• Implementations
– Token ring
– Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
• Needs less cable than star
• Handles heavy short bursts well
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Bus Topology
• Connects nodes along a network segment
– Ends of the cable aren’t connected
– Terminator absorbs signal at each end
• Most commonly used speeds:
– 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 100 Mbps, with 10 Mbps, 100
Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet)
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Bus Topology (cont’d.)

• Advantages
– Easy to extend
– Very reliable
– Wiring layout is simple and uses the least amount of
cable of any topology
– Best for handling steady (even) traffic
• Disadvantages
– Fault diagnosis is difficult
– Bus cable can be a bottleneck when network traffic is
heavy
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Hierarchical Topology
• Combines computers with different processing
strengths in different organizational levels
• Traditional mainframe networks
• Controller
– Hardware and software device that controls data
transfer from a computer to a peripheral device
• Multiplexer
– Hardware device that allows several nodes to share
one communication channel
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Hierarchical Topology (cont’d.)

• Advantages
– Network control
– Lower costs
• Disadvantages
– Expansion may be a problem
– Traffic congestion at root and higher-level nodes
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Mesh Topology
• Every node is connected to every other node
• Advantages
– Highly reliable
• Disadvantages
– Costly
– Difficult to maintain
– Difficult to expand
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Major Networking Concepts

• Important networking concepts:
– Protocols
– TCP/IP
– Routing
– Routers
– Client/server model
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Protocols
• Agreed-on methods and rules that electronic
devices use to exchange information
• Deal with hardware, software, and networking
• Multiple protocol support is important
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• Industry-standard suite of communication
protocols
• Main advantage is that it enables interoperability
• Originally intended for Internet communication
• Major protocols in the TCP/IP suite:
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Operates at the OSI model’s Transport layer
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Operates at the OSI model’s Network layer
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Routing
• Packet
– Collection of binary digits, including message data
and control characters for formatting and transmitting
– Sent from computer to computer over a network
• Routing
– Process of deciding which path data takes
– Decisions made using routing table
– Centralized routing
– Distributed routing
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Routers
• Network connection device containing software
• Connects network systems and controls traffic
flow between them
• Must use a common routing protocol
• Operates at network layer
• Performs the same functions as a bridge
– More sophisticated device
• Chooses the best possible path for packets
• Static and dynamic routers
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Client/Server Model
• Software runs on the local computer (the client)
– Communicates with the remote server to request
information or services
• Server
– Remote computer on the network that provides
information or services in response to client requests
• Basic client/server communication
• Advantage: scalability
• Three levels of logic: presentation, application,
data management
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Two-Tier Architecture
• Traditional client/server model
– Client communicates directly with the server
• Presentation logic is always on the client
• Data management logic is on the server
• Application logic located on either or both
• Effective in small workgroups
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N-Tier Architectures
• Balance the workload between client and server
• Removes application processing from both the
client and server
– Places it on a middle-tier server
• Three-tier
– Most common n-tier architecture
• Advantage
– Improved network performance
• Disadvantage
– Network management more challenging
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Exhibit 6.6 A Two-Tier Client/Server Architecture
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Exhibit 6.7 An N-Tier Architecture
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Wireless and Mobile Networks

• Wireless network
– Uses wireless instead of wired technology
• Mobile network
– Network operating on a radio frequency (RF),
consisting of radio cells served by a base station
• Advantages
– Mobility, flexibility, ease of installation, low cost
• Disadvantages
– Limited throughput and range, in-building
penetration problems, vulnerability to frequency
noise, security
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Wireless Technologies
• Groups
– Wireless LANs
– Wireless WANs
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Mobile Networks
• Three-part architecture
– Base stations
– Mobile telephone switching offices (MTSOs)
– Mobile communication devices
• Technologies
– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
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Exhibit 6.10 Mobile Network Architecture
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Wireless Security
• Security is especially important in a wireless
network, since anyone walking or driving within
the range of an AP (even outside a home or
office) can use the network
• A user can simply walk or drive around office

buildings or homes with a WLAN-equipped
computer and try to pick up a signal
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Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

Network
SSID (Service Set Identifier)
• All client computers that try to access the AP are

required to include a SSID in all of their packets
• A packet without a SSID is not processed by the

AP
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Network (cont’d.)
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
• A key must be manually entered into the AP and

the client computer
• The key encrypts the message before

transmission
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Network (cont’d.)
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)
• WEP keys are dynamically generated based on

the user’s ID and password
• When the user logs out of the system, the key is
discarded
• A new key is generated when the user logs back
into the network
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Network (cont’d.)
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
• Combines the strongest features of WEP and

EAP
• However, the WPA key is longer than the WEP
key; therefore, it is more difficult to break
• The key is changed for each frame before
transmission
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Network (cont’d.)
WPA2 or 802.11i
• It uses EAP to obtain a master key
• With this master key, a user’s computer and the
AP negotiate for a key that will be used for a
session
• After the session is terminated, the key is
discarded
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Convergence of Voice, Video, and Data

• Convergence
– Integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia
information can be used for decision making
• Integrating video with voice and data required
network upgrades
• Common applications:
– E-commerce
– Entertainment
– Video and computer conferencing
– Consumer applications
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Summary
• Data communication systems:
– Basic components
– Processing configurations
– Types of networks
– Network topologies
– Important concepts
• Wireless and mobile networks
• Wireless security
• Future trends in data communication:
– Convergence and telepresence
MIS, Chapter 6
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MIS

Defining Data Communication

Why Managers Need to Know About Data

Why Managers Need to Know About Data

Basic Concepts in a Data Communication System

Basic Concepts in a Data Communication System

Sender and Receiver Devices

Communication Media (cont’d.)

Distributed Processing (cont’d.)

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Local Area Networks

Wide Area Networks

Metropolitan Area Networks

Bus Topology (cont’d.)

Hierarchical Topology (cont’d.)

Major Networking Concepts

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Wireless and Mobile Networks

• A user can simply walk or drive around office

Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

• All client computers that try to access the AP are

• A packet without a SSID is not processed by the

Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

• A key must be manually entered into the AP and

• The key encrypts the message before

Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

• WEP keys are dynamically generated based on

Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)

• Combines the strongest features of WEP and

Techniques for Improving the Security of a Wireless

Convergence of Voice, Video, and Data

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