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Lecture 1

This document discusses the different types of bonds that hold minerals together, including ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and Van der Waals bonds. It provides examples of different minerals to illustrate each bonding type, and explains how the type of bonding determines various physical properties like hardness, melting point, and conductivity. The key bonding types that form minerals are ionic bonding between oppositely charged ions, covalent bonding through electron sharing, and metallic bonding where free-floating electrons bond positive metal ions.

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45 views28 pages

Lecture 1

This document discusses the different types of bonds that hold minerals together, including ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and Van der Waals bonds. It provides examples of different minerals to illustrate each bonding type, and explains how the type of bonding determines various physical properties like hardness, melting point, and conductivity. The key bonding types that form minerals are ionic bonding between oppositely charged ions, covalent bonding through electron sharing, and metallic bonding where free-floating electrons bond positive metal ions.

Uploaded by

suhash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Minerals

The earth is made of rocks, which are in turn made of


minerals. In this part of the course we'll learn how to
identify common minerals and rocks.

In order for something to be classified as a mineral, it


must meet five (5) criterion:
Minerals are:
· 1. Naturally occurring,
· 2. Inorganic,
· 3. Have known chemical compositions
· 4. Have definite physical properties.
5. Are solid
·
They are usually (although not always) crystalline.
Bonding in Minerals

The Glue That Holds Minerals


Together

3
Types of Bonds

 Intramolecular
 Ionic
 Covalent
 Metallic
 Intermolecular
 Hydrogen
 Van der Waals

4
Definition of Bonding

 A chemical bond is an attraction between


atoms brought about by:
 A sharing of electrons between two atoms or,
 A complete transfer of electrons
 When a chemical bond is formed, energy is
released
 Breaking chemical bonds requires energy

5
Substances Formed by Bonding

 When two or more atoms of the same


element bond together, a molecule is formed
– example, hydrogen H2
 When 2 or more atoms of different elements
combine together chemically, a compound
is formed – example, water H2O
 Most minerals are compounds

6
Ionic Bonding

 Ionic bonding is the result of electrostatic


attraction between two oppositely charged
ions
 Positive ions are formed from metals
(usually) and negative ions are usually
formed from non-metals

7
Halite

 Halite, NaCl, is a
classical example of
an ionically bonded
substance
 The sodium donates an
electron to chlorine to
complete the eight-
electron subshell on
chlorine
8
Physical Properties of Ionically Bonded Crystals

 Ionic bonding is non-directional


 Ionically bonded minerals may yield ions to
solution
 Moderate hardness
 Fairly high to very high melting points &
boiling points
 Poor thermal & electrical conductors except
near the melting points
9
Covalent Bonding

 Covalent bonds involve a complete sharing


of electrons and occur most commonly
between atoms that have partially filled
outer shells or energy levels
 Thus, if the atoms are similar in
electronegativity then the electrons will be
shared

10
Carbon
 Carbon forms covalent
bonds
 The electrons are in hybrid
orbitals formed by the
atoms involved as in this
example: ethane
 Diamond is strong
because it involves a vast
C2H6
network of covalent bonds
between the carbon atoms
in the diamond
11
Physical Properties of Covalently Bonded Crystals

 Covalent bonds are directional and


molecules are often formed.
 Covalently bonded crystals do not yield
ions to solutions, as ionically bond crystals
sometimes do
 Covalent crystals have very high melting
points & boiling points

12
Metallic Bonding

 A metallic bond occurs when positive metal


ions like Cu+2 or Fe+3 are surrounded by a
"sea of electrons" or freely-moving valence
electrons.
 The valence electrons are not bound to any
particular cation, but are free to move
throughout the metallic crystal

13
Sea of Electrons

 In the picture, the red


circles are metal
cations packed in a
crystal lattice
 The black dots
represent the "sea" of
freely moving valence
electrons

14
Minerals with Metallic Bonding

 Only native metals display metallic bonding


 Alkaline metals are for too reactive to be
found uncombined in nature
 Only a few minerals, such as gold, silver,
copper and the platinum group are
metallically bound

15
Intermolecular Bonds

 Bonds which hold molecules together are


called intermolecular bonds
 In minerals, the concept of a “molecule” is
often inapplicable, but the term is still used

16
Hydrogen Bonding

 In some substances, hydrogen is bonded to


elements which are quite electronegative,
and which possess “lone pairs” of electrons
 Examples include water and ammonia
 Hydrogen bonding leads to the many
anomalous properties of water and ammonia

17
Hydrogen Bond Image

 The δ+ hydrogen is so
strongly attracted to the lone
pair that it is almost as if you
were beginning to form a co-
ordinate bond
 It doesn't go that far, but the
attraction is significantly
stronger than an ordinary
dipole-dipole interaction

18
Relative Bond Strength

 Hydrogen bonds have about a tenth of the strength


of an average covalent bond, and are being
constantly broken and reformed in liquid water
 If you liken the covalent bond between the oxygen
and hydrogen to a stable marriage, the hydrogen
bond has "just good friends" status
 On the same scale, van der Waals attractions
represent mere passing acquaintances!

19
Water

 Each water molecule can potentially form


four hydrogen bonds with surrounding
water molecules
 There are exactly the right numbers of δ+
hydrogens and lone pairs so that every one
of them can be involved in hydrogen
bonding

20
Ammonia and Hydrogen Fluoride
 In the case of ammonia, the amount of hydrogen
bonding is limited by the fact that each nitrogen
only has one lone pair
 In a group of ammonia molecules, there aren't enough
lone pairs to go around to satisfy all the hydrogens
 In hydrogen fluoride, the problem is a shortage of
hydrogens
 In water, there are exactly the right number of
each
 Water could be considered as the "perfect"
hydrogen bonded system
21
Van der Waals Bonding

 There are two types of Van der Waals forces


 Dispersion forces are also known as "London
forces" (named after Fritz London who first
suggested how they might arise)
 Dipole-dipole interactions

22
Electrical Attractions

 Attractions are electrical in nature


 In a symmetrical molecule like hydrogen,
however, there doesn't seem to be any
electrical distortion to produce positive or
negative parts
 But that's only true on average

23
Distortion of Electron Cloud

 The lozenge-shaped diagram represents a small


symmetrical molecule - H2, perhaps, or Br2
 The even shading shows that on average there is no
electrical distortion

24
Mobile Electrons

 But the electrons are mobile, and at any one


instant they might find themselves towards
one end of the molecule, making that end δ-
 The other end will be temporarily short of
electrons and so becomes δ +

25
Temporary Fluctuating Dipoles

 An instant later the


electrons may well
have moved up to the
other end, reversing
the polarity of the
molecule

26
Presence of Multiple Bond Types

 If a crystal has more than one type of bond


the weakest bonds present determine the
physical properties which may be very
directional

27
Graphite

 Covalent bonding
within a sheet
 The sheets are held
together by Van de
Waals bonds – very
easy to break in one
direction
 Thus soft with perfect
cleavage
28

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