Advanced Architectures

and Automation Branch

Emerging Java Technologies

Jeremy Jones
Peyush Jain
John Jung

January 29th, 2004

Advanced Architectures
Agenda
and Automation Branch

• The Current State of Java

• Java 1.5
– Generics
– Autoboxing
– Enhanced for loop
– Typesafe Enums
– Static Import
– Varargs
– Metadata
– Swing Changes
– XML
• XUL and JDNC
• Eclipse

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Advanced Architectures
The Current State of Java
and Automation Branch

• Java is still going strong

– Great success on server / web apps
– Millions of Java VMs in cell phones
– Client-side Java less successful though
• The “hype” phase is over
• But big challenges remain
– Sun’s uncertain future
– Microsoft’s C# and .Net
– Microsoft’s Longhorn OS
– Open-sourcing Java still an issue for some

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Advanced Architectures
Java 1.5
and Automation Branch

• (aka JDK 1.5, J2SE 1.5, “Tiger”)

• Next major release of the Java platform
• Significantly greater changes than in 1.4 or
1.3
– Few language changes in 1.4/1.3
• First beta 1Q04, release end of 04?
• Continued focus on performance and stability
– Despite this presentation’s focus on new features
• Final set of features may change before
release

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Advanced Architectures
Generics
and Automation Branch

• When you get an element from a collection,

you have to cast
– Casting is a pain
– Casting is unsafe - casts may fail at runtime
– Plus it’s not always obvious what type goes into or
comes out of a collection
• With Generics, tell the compiler what type the
collection holds
– Compiler will add the casts for you
– Provides compile-time type safety
– Similar to C++ templates, but not the same

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Advanced Architectures
Example without Generics
and Automation Branch

// Removes 4-letter words from c; elements must be strings

static void expurgate(Collection c) {
for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
if (((String) i.next()).length() == 4) {
i.remove();
}
}
}

// Alternative form - a bit prettier?

static void expurgate(Collection c) {
for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
String s = (String) i.next();
if (s.length() == 4) {
i.remove();
}
}
}
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Advanced Architectures
Example with Generics
and Automation Branch

// Removes 4-letter words from c

static void expurgate(Collection<String> c) {
for (Iterator<String> i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
if (i.next().length() == 4) {
i.remove();
}
}
}

• No cast, extra parentheses, or temporary variables

• Provides compile-time type checking

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Advanced Architectures
Generics != Templates
and Automation Branch

• Benefits of templates without all the baggage

of the C++ version
– No code-size blowup
– No precompiler messiness
• Simply provides compile-time type safety and
eliminates the need for casts
• BUT – Generics do not help performance
– Casts only hidden, not eliminated
– No direct support for primitive parameter types
• Uses autoboxing instead

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Advanced Architectures
Autoboxing/unboxing
and Automation Branch

• Java has split type system

– Primitives (int, float, etc.) and Objects (String, etc.)
– Wrapper classes used to bridge the gap (Integer for int, Float for
float, etc.)
• Can’t add primitives to collections
– Collections take Objects
– Must wrap primitives in Objects first
• Autoboxing does this wrapping/unwrapping for you
– Automatically wraps primitives in objects
– Automatically unwraps wrapper objects to primitives
• Simplifies code
• BUT – No performance advantages at all – only hides the
wrapping
– Developer must still understand the costs involved
– Potentially lots of wrapper objects being created, which can be
expensive

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Advanced Architectures
Enhanced for Loop
and Automation Branch

• Iterating over collections is a pain

• Often, iterator unused except to get elements
• Iterators are error-prone
– Iterator variable occurs three times per loop
– Common cut-and-paste error
• Using the wrong iterator
• Many languages have a “foreach” concept
– Now Java does, but without the “foreach” keyword
• Sun was very worried about backwards compatibility

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Advanced Architectures
Enhanced for Loop Example
and Automation Branch

// Without enhanced for loop

for (Iterator i = suits.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
{
Suit suit = (Suit) i.next();
for (Iterator j = ranks.iterator(); j.hasNext(); )
{
sortedDeck.add(new Card(suit, j.next()));
}
}

// With enhanced for loop

for (Suit suit : suits)
{
for (Rank rank : ranks)
{
sortedDeck.add(new Card(suit, rank));
}
}

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Advanced Architectures
Typesafe Enums
and Automation Branch

• Standard approach – int constants

– Not typesafe, no namespace, values are
meaningless, etc.
• Typesafe Enum design pattern helps
– Much better, but lots of code required
• 1.5 basically adds language support for the
Typesafe Enum pattern
– Plus can be used in switch statements
• More powerful than C/C++ enums
– Enums are classes, so can have methods, etc.

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Advanced Architectures
Typesafe Enums Example
and Automation Branch

// Simple example
enum Season { winter, spring, summer, fall }

// Enum with field, method, and constructor

public enum Coin {
penny(1), nickel(5), dime(10), quarter(25);

private final int fValue;

Coin(int value) { fValue = value; }

public int value() { return fValue; }

}

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Advanced Architectures
Static Import
and Automation Branch

• Static members from a class must be

qualified with the class name
– Math.cos(), Math.PI, etc.
• Developers don’t like this, particularly for
constants
– Some define “Constant Interface” which classes
implement to get around this problem
• Generally recognized as a bad idea (“antipattern”)
• Instead, import the static members from a
class, rather than the classes from a package
– Can import static methods and fields
– Can import enums too!

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Advanced Architectures
Varargs
and Automation Branch

• Sometimes you want a method that

takes an arbitrary number of parameters
– Either use an array or overload the method
signature
• Java has no printf as a result
– printf basically requires variable arguments
• C/C++ has it, but syntax is cumbersome
• printf will be included too!

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Advanced Architectures
Varargs Syntax
and Automation Branch

public static String format(String pattern,

Object... arguments)

• Parameter type of arguments is Object[]

• Caller uses normal syntax

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Advanced Architectures
Metadata
and Automation Branch

• Many APIs require “boilerplate” or “side” files associated with a

specific class
– JAX-RPC web services
– EJBs
– JavaBean “BeanInfo” class
• Creating and maintaining these associated files is painful
• Instead, annotate the original class and let the tools generate
the associated files for you
– Or do anything else – the use of this mechanism is undefined
– Simple example: @deprecated
• This feature adds a generic mechanism for annotating
classes/methods/fields
– The meaning of the annotations is not defined
– Different APIs (JAX-RPC, EJB, etc) will define their own “standard”
annotation types
– Annotation types are declared like interfaces
• Provides compile-time checking
– Annotation types can contain parameters which must be specified

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Advanced Architectures
Metadata Example
and Automation Branch

// JAX-RPC web service interface and implementation

public interface CoffeeOrderIF extends java.rmi.Remote {

public Coffee [] getPriceList()
throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
public String orderCoffee(String name, int quantity)
throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
}

public class CoffeeOrderImpl implements CoffeeOrderIF {

public Coffee [] getPriceList() {
...
}
public String orderCoffee(String name, int quantity)
{
...
}
}

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Advanced Architectures
Metadata Example
and Automation Branch

// JAX-RPC web service with metadata

public class CoffeeOrder {

@Remote public Coffee[] getPriceList() {
...
}

@Remote public String orderCoffee(String name, int

quantity) {
...
}
}

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Advanced Architectures
Swing Changes
and Automation Branch

• Not many Swing changes

• Biggest change: New updated Java
“Metal” Look and Feel
• More work on the new Windows XP and
GTK/Gnome Look and Feels
– Introduced in 1.4.2
• Possible TreeTable component
• More performance work

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Advanced Architectures
XML
and Automation Branch

• 1.5 adds core support for many new

XML standards
– Namespaces
– Schemas
– XSLT
– DOM Level 3
• Optional Web Services Developer Pack
adds much more
– WSDL, SOAP, XML DSig, etc.

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Advanced Architectures
and Automation Branch

XUL and JDNC

Peyush Jain
Advanced Architectures
XUL
and Automation Branch

• XML User Interface Language

• Pioneered by Mozilla
• Makes cross-platform user interfaces as
easy as building web pages
– No hard-coded, platform specific user
interfaces (e.g. MFC, Qt, etc)
– Not another GUI API/toolkit/framework

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

• Swing XML Java Bean Persistence

<object class="javax.swing.JPanel">
<void method="add">
<object id="button1" class="javax.swing.JButton"/>
</void>
<void method="add">
<object class="javax.swing.JLabel">
<void method="setLabelFor">
<object idref="button1"/>
</void>
</object>
</void>
</object>

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

• Java Swing
JPanel panel1 = new JPanel();
JButton button1 = new JButton();
JLabel label1 = new JLabel();
panel1.add(button1);
panel1.add(label1);
label1.setLabelFor(button1);

• XUL
<hbox>
<button id="button1" />
<label for="button1" />
</hbox>

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Advanced Architectures
XUL Architecture
and Automation Branch

• User Interface (UI) divided into 4 parts

– Content
– Appearance
– Behavior
– Locale

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Advanced Architectures
XUL Motor - Luxor
and Automation Branch

• Open-source XUL engine in Java

• XUL toolkit includes web server, portal
engine, template engine, scripting
interpreter and more.
• Tags
<box>, <hbox>, <vbox>, <action>, <border>, <button>,
<checkbox>, <choice>, <entry>, <icon>, <label>,
<list>, <map>, <menu>, <menubar>, <menuitem>,
<menuseparator>, <panel>, <password>, <text>,
<textarea>, <toolbar> and many more

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

<list id="card">
<entry value="American Express" />
<entry value="Discover" />
<entry value="Master Card" />
<entry value="Visa" />
</list>

<vbox>
<label value="Choose a method of payment:" />
<choice list="card" />
</vbox>

<vbox>
<label value="Choose a method of payment:" />
<choice list="card" type="radio" />
</vbox>

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Advanced Architectures
XUL Benefits
and Automation Branch

• Platform Portability
• Splits presentation and application logic
• Makes UI building easier
• UI can be easily updated
• UI can be loaded at start-up from web-
server, database, etc
• UI can be tested in browser like a web
page

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Advanced Architectures
JDNC
and Automation Branch

• Java Desktop Network Components

• Used for creating Web-enabled Java
desktop clients
– Very High Level Beans: Table, Tree,
TreeTable, Editor, Form
– Built-in Data and Networking Smarts
– Leveraging XML for configuration
– Browser or Standalone Deployment

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

• Embedding the applet

<applet name="JDNCApplet" archive="table.jar,
common.jar" code="com.sun.jdnc.JDNCApplet.class"
width="800" height="300" align="middle">
<param name="config" value="bugtable.xml">
<param name="boxbgcolor" value="255,255,255">
</applet>

• Configure the data model

• Configure UI and bindings to the data

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

• Authoring the XML Configuration File

<jdnc-app>
<data id="bugdata">
<source url="bugs.txt"/>
<format mimetype="plain text">
<columns>
<column id="bugid">
<link>
</column>
<column id="priority">
<integer minimum="1" maximum="5"/>
</column>
<column id="state">
<string><values>
<value>dispatched</value>
<value>fixed</value>
<value>closed</value>
</values></string>
</column>
…

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Advanced Architectures
Example
and Automation Branch

<table id="bugtable" sortable="true" draggable="true" grid="true">

<statusbar/>
<rows margin="20"></rows>
<columns>
<column dataref="bugdata.bugid" label="BugID“ alignment="center">
<sample>8888888</sample>
</column>
<column dataref="bugdata.priority" label="Pri">
<sample>1</sample>
</column>
<column dataref="bugdata.state" label="State" editable="true"
alignment="center">
<sample>dispatched</sample>
</column>
</columns>
</table>

</jdnc-app>

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Advanced Architectures
and Automation Branch

Eclipse

John Jung
Advanced Architectures
Eclipse - Overview
and Automation Branch

• The Java IDE

• The Application Platform
• The Debate: SWT vs. Swing

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Advanced Architectures
Java IDE
and Automation Branch

• Feature-rich IDE
– Java Perspective
• Standard Views: Navigator, Outline, Editor
• Other useful perspectives: Debug, CVS Repository
– Java Editor
• Code assist: hover – javadoc spec, ctrl-click to jump to source,
method completion, dynamic syntax check, automatic error
corrections
• Code generation: code templates, method insertion/generation,
comment generation
• Refactoring: organize imports, renaming/moving
– Excellent help system
• Best Feature: price

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Advanced Architectures
Java IDE
and Automation Branch

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Advanced Architectures
Application Platform
and Automation Branch

• Eclipse is actually a thin layer that serves as the

middleman between plug-ins and the OS; not just an
IDE
• Building applications using Eclipse become possible
by developing plug-ins that interact with each other
• Emerges as a competitor to Microsoft’s dominance
on application building platforms (Visual Basic)
• Gathering momentum: close to declaring
independence from IBM; also close to the version 3.0
release

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Advanced Architectures
SWT vs Swing
and Automation Branch

• SWT: Standard Widget Toolkit

– Small generic graphics/GUI set
• Buttons, lists, tables, text, menus, fonts, etc
– “Snappy”, faster, uses native widgets – better look and feel
– Memory de-allocation required, not object-oriented, must
maintain different versions for different platforms
• Swing
– Large, elegant set of tools
– Object-oriented, large libraries, easier to use, large user
base, easy to maintain code, more flexible
– Can be slower, look and feel can be dated

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Advanced Architectures
SWT vs Swing
and Automation Branch

• IBM – SWT – Eclipse

• Sun – Swing – NetBeans
• Two giants wage battle over which will
be the main platform for Java
applications
• With Eclipse’s impending independence
from IBM, Sun’s next move anticipated

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Advanced Architectures
References
and Automation Branch

• Java 1.5
– http://java.sun.com/features/2003/05/bloch_qa.html
– http://servlet.java.sun.com/javaone/sf2003/conf/sessions/display-
1540.en.jsp
– http://servlet.java.sun.com/javaone/sf2003/conf/sessions/display-
3072.en.jsp
• XUL and JDNC
– http://luxor-xul.sourceforge.net/index.html
– http://luxor-xul.sourceforge.net/talk/jug-oct-2001/slides.html
– http://luxor-xul.sourceforge.net/talk/vanx-jul-2002/slides.html
– http://www.javadesktop.org/articles/JDNC/index.html
• Eclipse
– http://www.eclipse.org/
– http://www.eclipse.org/eclipse/presentation/eclipse-slides.ppt
– http://www.fawcette.com/javapro/2002_12/magazine/columns/proshop/
– http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5149102.html
– http://cld.blog-city.com/readblog.cfm?BID=15428

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