The Study of Logic

MODULE 5: IMMEDATE
INFERENCE
INFERENCE

 IT IS A PROCESS BY WHICH THE MIND

DRAWS NEW KNOWLEDGE OR INSIGHT
FROM ANY GIVEN PROPOSITION OR A
SET OF PROPOSITIONS.
 IT MUST FOLLOW THE VALID SEQUENCE
OF PREMISES.
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE

 REFERS TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE

MIND DRAWS AN IMPLICATION FROM
ANY GIVEN PROPOSITION.
 THE PROMISE IS DONE WITHOUT THE
USE OF MEDIATING PREMISE (MINOR
PREMISE / PROPOSITION)
 THE NEW PROPOSITION IS DIRECTLY
FORMULATED FROM GIVEN
PROPOSITION.
TWO TYPES OF IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE

1. EDUCTION
IT IS THE PROCESS OF FORMULATING A
NEW PROPOSITION BY MEANS OF THE
INTERCHANGE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
OF AN ORIGINAL PROPOSITION AND/OR
BY MEANS OF THE USE OR REMOVAL OF
ENGATIVES.
TWO TYPES OF IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE

TYPES OF EDUCTION
A. CONVERSION
IT IS THE FORMULATION OF A NEW
PROPOSITION BY INTERCHANGING THE
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE BUT LEAVING ITS
QUALITY (AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE)
UNCHANGE.
TWO TYPES OF IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE

TYPES OF EDUCTION
A. CONVERSION
*RULES FOR CONVERSION
1. INTERCHANGE THE SUBJECT AND
PREDICATE.
2. RETAIN THE QUALITY OF THE
PROPOSITION.
3. DO NOT EXTEND ANY TERM.
TWO TYPES OF IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE

TYPES OF EDUCTION
1.1 SIMPLE CONVERSION
NO MAN IS AN ISLAND
NO ISLAND IS A MAN.

THE BROTHER OF JOY IS JOHN.

JOHN IS THE BROTHER OF JOY.

SOME DOGS ARE FIERCE ANIMALS.

SOME FIERCE ANIMALS ARE DOGS.
TWO TYPES OF IMMEDIATE
INFERENCE

TYPES OF EDUCTION
1.1 SIMPLE CONVERSION
NOTE: “A” PROPOSITION CANNOT BE
CONVERTED BY SIMPLE CONVERSION.
 EDUCTION
Eduction The formulation of a new
proposition by the interchange of the
subject and the predicate of an
original proposition and/or by the
use or removal of negatives.
Kinds of Formal Eduction
1. Conversion
2. Obversion
3. Contraposition
4. Inversion
Conversion is the formulation of a new
proposition by interchanging
the subject and predicate of an
original proposition but leaving
its quality unchanged.
Kinds of Conversion
a. Simple Conversion
b. Partial Conversion
Note: Convertend - the original proposition
Converse - the new proposition
Conversion - the process itself
Simple the conversion is simple if the
Conversion quantity of the converse is the
same as the quantity of the
convertend.
- E to E
- I to I

the conversion is partial if the

Partial
quantity of the proposition is
Conversion
reduced from universal to
particular.

- A to I
Rules for Conversion
1. Interchange the subject and the predicate;
2. Retain the quality;
3. Do not extend any term.
Note: - Often it is advisable to reduce proposition to
logical form.
- O propositions cannot be converted.
- Beware of converting A propositions by
simple conversion.
- The actual existence of a subject may not be
asserted in the converse if it has not been asserted in
the convertend.
Example of Simple Conversion:
- E to E No cat is a dog.
No dog is a cat.
- I to I Some houses are white.
Some white (things) are houses.
Example of Partial Conversion:
- A to I All men are mortal.
Some mortal (beings) are men.
Obversion the formulation of a new proposition
by retaining the subject and quantity
of an original proposition, changing
its quality, and using as predicate the
contradictory of the original
predicate.
It also involves either the use or
removal of two negatives: the use or
omission of one negative changes
the quality, the use or omission of
the other negative changes the
predicate to its contradictory.

Note: Obvertend - the original proposition

Obverse - the new proposition
Obversion - the process itself
Rules for Obversion
1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend;
2. Change the quality. If the obvertend is affirmative, the
obverse must be negative; and if the obvertend is negative to
obverse must be affirmative;
- A to E “Every cat is an animal” to
“No cat is a non-animal”
- E to A “No cat is a dog” to
“Every cat is a non-dog”
- I to O “Some house is white” to
“Some house is not non-white”
- O to I “Some house is not white” to
“Some house is non-white”
3. As predicate, use the contradictory predicate of the
original proposition.
Contraposition is the formulation of a new proposition
whose subject is the contradictory of the
original predicate.

Kinds of Contraposition
a. Partial Contraposition
b. Complete Contraposition

Note: Contraponend - the original proposition

Contraposit - the new proposition
Contraposition - the process itself
Rules for Partial Contraposition

1. The subject is contradictory of the original predicate.

2. The quality is changed.
3. The predicate is the original subject.

To get Partial Contraposition

1. Obvert
2. Converse the obverse

Symbols and their Partial Contraposition

- A to E - E to I
- O to I - I no partial contraposit
Rules for Complete Contraposition
1. The subject is contradictory of the original predicate.
2. The quality is not changed.
3. The predicate is the contradictory of the original subject.

To get Complete Contraposition

1. Obvert
2. Converse the obverse
3. Obvert the converse of the obverse

Symbols and their Complete Contraposition

- A to A - E to O
- O to O - I no complete contraposit
 Example

Partial Contraposition:
(Contraponend) Every dog is an animal,
Obvert: No dog is a non-animal
Convert: No non-animal is a dog (Contraposit)

Complete Contraposition:
(Contraponend) Every man is mortal,
Obvert: No man is non-mortal,
Convert: No non-mortal is man,
Obvert: Every non-mortal is a non-man (Contraposit)
Inversion is the formulation of a new
proposition whose subject is the
contradictory of the original
subject.
Kinds of Inversion
a. Partial Inversion
b. Complete Inversion

Note: Invertend - the original proposition

Inverse - the new proposition
Inversion - the process itself
Rules for Partial
Inversion
1. The quality is changed.
2. The predicate is the same as the
original proposition.
To get Partial Inversion
1. Obvert
2. Convert
3. Obvert
4. Convert
5. Obvert
Symbols and their Partial Inversion (Only A & E
can be Inverted)
- A to O
- E to I
Rules for Complete
Inversion
1. The quality is not changed.
2. The predicate is the contradictory of
the original predicate.
To get Complete Inversion
1. Convert
2. Obvert
3. Convert
4. Obvert
Symbols and their Complete Inversion (Only A
& E can be Inverted)
- A to I
- E to O
 Example
Partial Inversion:
(Invertend) Every cat is an animal,
Obvert: No cat is a non-animal,
Convert: No non-animal is a cat,
Obvert: Every non-animal is a non-cat,
Convert: Some non-cat is a non-animal,
Obvert: Some non-cat is not an animal. (Inverse)
Complete Inversion:
(Invertend) No cat is a dog,
Convert: No dog is a cat,
Obvert: Every dog is a non-cat,
Convert: Some non- cat is a dog,
Obvert: Some non-cat is not a non-dog. (Inverse)
 SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
A CONTRARY E
S S
U U
B B
A I A
L L
T T
E E
R R
N N

I SUBCONTRARY
O
 CONTRADICTORIES
 2 pairs:
1] A – O: Every S is P, therefore, some S is not P.
O – A: Some S is not P, therefore, every S is P.

2]E – I: No S is P, therefore, some S is P.

I– E: Some S is P, therefore, no S is P.
Examples:
A - All men are rational, therefore
O - some men are not rational.

I – Some students are girls,

therefore
E – No students are girls.
 Rules:
1. If one is true, the other is false.
2. If one is false, the other is true.

A - All men are rational is true [ T ],

therefore
O - some men are not rational. False
or F
 contrary
 1 pair:
A – E: Every S is P, therefore, no S is P.
or
E – A: No S is P, therefore, every S is P.

Example:
E- No students are girls, therefore,
A - every students are girls.
 Rules:
1. If one is true, the other is false.
2. If one is false, the other is doubtful.

Example:
E- No students are girls is false [ F ],
therefore,
A - every students are girls is doubtful
[?]
 subcontrary
 1 pair
I – O: Some S is P, therefore some S is not P.
or
O – I: Some S is not P, therefore some S is P.

EXAMPLE:
I - Some students are girls, therefore
O - some students are not girls.
 Rules:
1. If one is true, the other is doubtful.
2. If one is false, the other is true.

EXAMPLE:
I - Some students are girls is true [ T ],
therefore
O - some students are not girls is
doubtful [ ? ].
 subalterns
 2 pairs
1. A – I: Every S is P, therefore some S is P.
I – A: Some S is P, therefore every S is P.

2. E – O: No S is P, therefore some S is not P.

O – E: Some S is not P, therefore no S is P.
 example

A- All triangles are planes with

three sides, therefore
I- Some triangles are planes with
three sides.
 Rules:
1. If the universal is true, the particular is true; if
the universal is false, the particular is doubtful

A- All triangles are planes with three sides

is true [ T ], therefore
I- Some triangles are planes with three
sides true [ T ].
2. If the particular is true, the universal
is doubtful; but if the particular is
false, the universal is false.

I- Some triangles are planes with three

sides is true [ T ]
therefore
A- All triangles are planes with three
sides is
Doubtful [?]