Electrical Power Systems: Mohamed Taha Mouwafi
Electrical Power Systems: Mohamed Taha Mouwafi
Electrical Power Systems: Mohamed Taha Mouwafi
or S
Capacitance of 3-core cable
The core to core capacitances Cc are in delta and can be
represented in the equivalent star as shown below:
Z AB ´ Z AC
Z1 = (From delta - star conversion )
Z AB + Z AC + Z BC
1 1
Q Z AB = Z AC = Z BC = \ Z1 =
w CC 3 w CC
1
Q Z1 = (in equivalent star )
w C1
1 1
\ = C1 = 3 CC
w C1 3 w CC
Capacitance of 3-core cable
The capacitance of a 3-core cable reduces to that shown below:
A
3CC + CS
S N
3CC + CS 3CC + CS
C B
0.0299 er
CN = mF / km
é T + t ìï t t 2 üïï ù
ê ï
í 3.84 - 1.7 + 0.52 ú
2 ýú
ln 1 +
ê 2 r ïïî T T ïïþû
ë
where,
e r : is relative permittivity of the dielectric.
r : is the conductor radius.
t : Belt Insulation thickness.
T : Conductor insulation thickness.
Measurement of Cs and Cc
Case 1: Any two cores and sheath are bundled together
• The core 2 and 3 are connected to sheath. Thus, the Cc between
cores 2 and 3 and Cs between cores 2, 3 and sheath get eliminated
as shown below:
2 3
• All the three capacitances are now in parallel across core 1 and the
sheath. The capacitance of core 1 with sheath is measured
practically and denoted by Ca.
C a = 2 CC + C S ...(1)
Measurement of Cs and Cc
Case 2: All the three cores are bundled together
• This eliminates all the core-core capacitances (CC = 0), and the
capacitance is measured between this bunch and the sheath as
shown below.
\ C N = 3 CC + C S
éC a C b ù C b 3 Ca Cb
= 3ê - ú+ = -
êë 2 6ú û 3 2 6
3 Ca Cb
\ CN = -
2 6
Example 1
A 3-phase, 3-core metal sheathed cable gave the following results of
capacitance:
a) Capacitance between all the three bunched conductors and sheath is 0.8 μF.
b) Capacitance between any one conductor and sheath with the other two
conductors insulated is 0.5 μF.
Calculate for the insulated sheathed cable:
i) The capacitance between any two bunched conductors and the third
conductor.
ii) The capacitance between any two conductors when the third conductor and
sheath are bunched.
Solution
a) When the three conductors are bunched together, all the capacitances
CC reduce to zero.
3 C S = 0.8
\ C S = 0.266 mF
Solution
b) When the capacitance between any one conductor and sheath with
A
the other two conductors insulated is 0.5 μF.
3CC + CS
3 C C + C S = 0.5 mF
S
\ C C = 0.078 mF
C B
i) For the capacitance between any two bunched conductors and the third
conductor.
2C S ´ C S
C = 2C C +
3C S CC
2
= 2C C + CS CC
3
2
= 2´ 0.078 + ´ 0.266 = 0.333 mF
3
Solution
ii) For the capacitance between any two conductors when the third
conductor and sheath are bunched.
3 1
C = CC + C S
2 2
3 1
= ´ 0.078 + ´ 0.266 = 0.25 mF
2 2
Thermal resistance of a 3-core cable
For 3-core cables, the following two empirical expressions are
used.
r æ 0.2 t ö éæ 1.1 t öæ T + t ö ù
R= çç0.85 + ÷
÷ ln êçç4.15 - ÷
÷çç ÷
÷+ 1ú W/ km
6p èç ÷
T ø êëè ç ÷ ç
T øè r ø ú ÷
û
where,
ρ : Specific resistance of insulating material used.
T : Thickness of conductor insulation.
t : Thickness of belt insulation.
r : Radius of conductor.
r é R 6 - a6 ù
R= ln ê ú W/ km
6p ê
ë3 R a r ú
3 2
û
where,
R : Outer radius of dielectric.
a : The pitch radius over which the conductor centers lie.
Heating of cables
The heat is produced within the underground cables due to
following losses:
a) Copper loss which is also called I2R loss or core loss.
b) Dielectric loss.
c) Sheath loss.
a) Copper loss in cables
The resistance of the conductor changes as the temperature
changes. Hence to find copper loss, it is necessary to obtain the
resistance value correctly. It is determined by considering the
following factors:
1- The resistance at any temperature is given by:
R 2 = (1 + a 1 D T ) = R1 é
1
ë + a 1 (T 2 - T 1 )ù
û
where,
R1 : Thermal Resistance at T1.
Heating of cables
α1 : Resistance temperature coefficient of material at T1.
ΔT : Temperature rise.
So knowing R1 i.e. resistance at ambient temperature and assuming
temperature rise about of 50oC, the resistance is determined.
2- The length of outermost strand is more than the central strand. To
allow for stranding, the resistance value calculated as per as the
central strand is multiplied by 1.02.
3- The effective area of cross section is smaller than actual section
hence the resistance value is further increased by multiplying it by
1.02.
Thus finally copper losses are determined as I2R, where R is effective
resistance considering all the factors discussed above.
Heating of cables
b) Dielectric loss
There exists a capacitance between a conductor and the sheath, with
a dielectric medium in between the two. This is represented as C. The
leakage resistance is denoted as R. The equivalent circuit of the cable
is a parallel combination of R and C. So there are two currents, one
perpendicular to voltage V which is leading capacitive current Ic while
other is in phase with voltage V which is resistive current Id
representing dielectric loss.
Heating of cables
The dielectric loss is loss due to leakage resistance given by:
V2
W =
R
Id V V V V
Q tan d = = / \ = tan d = V w C tan d
IC R XC R XC
\ W = V 2 w C tan d
where, δ is the dielectric loss angle in radius.
Generally δ is very small. For low voltage cable, dielectric loss can be
neglected as it is small but for high voltage cables it must be
considered.
The angle Фd is the power factor angle of dielectric.
cos f d = cos (90 - d)= sin d
It depends on the temperature and voltage stress to which dielectric is
subjected.
Heating of cables
b) Sheath loss
In A.C. transmission, alternating currents flowing through the cable
produce pulsating magnetic field. This electromagnetic pulsating field
links with the lead sheath and induces current in it. The value of this
current depends on the frequency of pulsating field, sheath
resistance, arrangement of cables and sheath conditions whether it is
bounded or unbounded. These sheath currents produce the sheath
losses.
There are two types of currents in the sheath.
1- Sheath eddy currents having both inword and outword directions
and flow totally in the sheath of same cable.
2- Sheath circuit currents which flow from sheath of one cable to the
sheath of other cable.
Heating of cables
The unbounded cable means having one end or no ends, electrically
shorted hence sheath circuit currents are absent in unbounded cable.
The bounded cables means the two different cables have a sheath
electrically connected at both the ends hence both the types of
currents are present in them.
The approximate formula to calculate sheath losses due to sheath
eddy current is.
é3 w 2 ær ö2 ù
2 ê ÷ ú
Sheath loss = I ê ç
ç
m
÷ ´ 10- 18
W / cm / phase
R ç
èd ø÷ ú
ê
ë sh ú
û
where,
I : Current per conductor (A).
rm : The mean radius of sheath.
Rsh : Sheath resistance (Ω).
d : Spacing between conductors.
Sheath loss is about 2% of the total loss and can be neglected.