Digital

Video
 Video Frame Formats

720 720
4:3 4:3
SDTV 576 SDTV
480 NTSC PAL

Standard aspect ratio 1.33:1

1920 1280

16:9 16:9

HDTV 720 HDTV

1080

24P, 30P, 60i, 60P (ATSC), 50i

24P, 30P, 60i, 60P (ATSC)
(DVB)
Widescreen aspect ratio 1.77 :1
As the story goes, using a pencil and a piece of paper, K.H. Powers drew the rectangles of all
the popular film aspect ratios (each normalized for equal area) and dropped them on top of
each other. When he finished, he discovered an amazing thing. Not only did all the rectangles
fall within a 1.77 shape, the edges of all the rectangles also fell outside an inner rectangle
which also had a 1.77 shape. Powers realized that he had the makings of a "Shoot and Protect"
scheme that with the proper masks would permit motion pictures to be released in any aspect
ratio. In 1984, this concept was unanimously accepted by the SMPTE working group and soon
became the standard for HDTV production worldwide.
 List of source image / video formats
FORMAT RESOLUTION RAW BIT REMARK
RATE

CCIR 601 720 ppl  576 Ipf  25 fps 149.3 Mbps Digital video

CIF 352 ppl  288 Ipf  30 fps 36.5 Mbps Digital video

QCIF 176 ppl  144 Ipf  30 fps 9.13 Mbps Digital video

SIF 360 ppl  288 Ipf  30 fps 37.3 Mbps Digital video

HDTV 1280 ppl  720 Ipf  59.94/60 fps 663.6 Mbps Digital TV
1920 ppl  1080 Ipf  29.97/30 fps 1.3905 Gbps

NTSC 525 Ipf  29.97 fps Analog TV

PAL 625 Ipf  25 fps Analog TV

SECAM 625 Ipf  25 fps Analog TV

VGA 640 ppl  480 lines Computer

SVGA 1024 ppl  768 lines computer

 Component Video Signal
Analog video signal consists of three component video
signals, one Luminance signal Y and two color difference
signals CB, CR , derived from the primary colors R,G,B

R Y = 0.3R+0.59G+0.11B

G Matrix
CB = 0.71(B-Y)
B CR = 0.56(R-Y)
 Component Video Signal
SD

Y - Signal

CB - Signal

CR - Signal

12  sec 52 sec

Blanking period Active period
 Timing of Analogue HD signal
1250/50/2:1 (Adopted in Europe)

Y - Signal

CB - Signal

CR - Signal

6 sec 26 sec

Blanking period Active period
 Conversion of Analog Video to Digital Video Signal
( ITU-BT.R.601)

There are two main processes which convert

analog signal to digital signal

• Sampling : Converting analog signal into discrete signal

• Quantization : A process in which each discrete value is

represented or coded using a group of bits
(8 or 10 bits)

LPF Sample and Quanitization

Hold
Analog Signal Digital Signal
 How to choose number of samples per second

1. Sampling frequency, fS must be greater than

or equal to Nyquist Frequency fN (=> 2fmax )
2. Sampling frequency must be the integer
multiple of horizontal scanning frequency, f h

3. Sampling Frequency is chosen to be 13.5 MHz which

is compatible to PAL and NTSC system and
computed from the following relation
f S  858 f h , NTSC  864 f h , PAL

f S  858  15750  864  15625  13.5 MHz

 Sampling Rate for HD Video

Sampling Rate for 1250/50/2:1

f S  2376 f h ,1250/ 50
f S  2376  31250  74.25MHz

Sampling Rate for 1125/60/2:1

f S  2200 f h ,1125/ 60

f S  2200  33750  74.25MHz

Sampling frequency for HDTV = 74.25 MHz for Y signal

Sampling frequency for HDTV = 37.125 MHz for C and C

R B

signals

Bit rate for 10 bit encoding = 1.485 Gbps (ITU-RBT.709)

 Sampling Format

For every 2  2 Y pixels

4Cb & 4Cr pixels
(No sub-sampling) 4:4:4 Format

4:4:4 Format

For every 2  2 Y pixels

4:2:2 Format
2Cb & 2Cr pixels
(sub-sampling by 2:1
horizontally only) Y Pixel

Cb and Cr Pixels
Sampling Format Cont ..

For every 4  1 Y pixels

1Cb & 1Cr pixels
(sub-sampling by 4:1 4:1:1 Format
horizontally only)

For every 2  2 Y pixels

1Cb & 1Cr pixels 4:2:0 Format

(sub-sampling by 2:1both
horizontally and vertically)
 Discrete Video Signal

Active period
Blanking period

144
Samples 720 Samples

10.66  sec 53.33 sec

Number of
samples in
PAL SDTV

Number of
samples in
NTSC SDTV
 Timing of Digital HD signal
1250/50/2:1

Y - Signal

CB - Signal

CR - Signal

384 Samples 1920 Samples

5.34 sec 26.67  sec
Blanking period Active period
Sampling of component in accordance of ITU-BT.R.601
 Quantization

10110101 11010011

Active period
Blanking period

144
720 Samples
Samples

53.33 sec
10.66  sec
Quantization
Quantization Error/Noise

 1  Ana log VoltageRange

  
2 2n
 Quantization
255 / 1023 255 / 1023 1111 1111

1110 1011 700mv 235 / 940 350mv 240 / 960 1111 0000

Y 0mv 128 / 512 1000 0000

C b / Cr

0mv 16 / 64 -350mv 16 / 64 0001 0000

0001 0000
0/0 0/0 0000 0000

Level Diagram

The video signal conforming to ITU – BT – R601, (Normally available

as a SDI signal), forms the input signal to an MPEG encoder.
 SAV and EAV Code Words in the ITU-BR.R601
TRS-ID TRS-ID

E S E S
A A Cb Y Cr Y Cb A A
V V V V

Active Line Pixel Data

Blanking or Blanking or
Ancillary data (Audio signal, or error protection information) Ancillary data

TRS - ID : Timing reference sequence – identification

SAV - Start of active video
EAV – End of active video

Code pattern of SAV & EAV

11111111 (11) 00000000 (00) 00000000 (00) 1F V H P3 P2 P1 P0 (00)

 F = Field (0 = 1st field, 1 = 2nd field)

 V = Vertical blanking (1 = vertical blanking interval)
 H = SAV/EAV identification (0 = SAV, 1 = EAV)
 P0, P1, P2, P3 = Protection bits (Hamming code)
 SAV and EAV Code Words in the ITU-BR.R709
TRS-ID TRS-ID

E S E S
A A Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Cb1Cb2Cr1 Cr2 A A
V V V V

Active Line Pixel Data

Blanking or Blanking or
Ancillary data (Audio signal, or error protection information) Ancillary data

– identification
TRS - ID : Timing reference sequence
SAV - Start of active video
EAV – End of active video

Code pattern of EAV

20 40 60 80

11111111 11 0000000000 00000000 00 XYZ LN1 LN2 CRC0 CRC

EAV LN CRC

F = Field (0 = 1st field, 1 = 2nd field)


XYZ = 1F V H P5 P4 P3 P2 P1P0
 V = Vertical blanking (1 = vertical blanking
LN0 = R L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 L0 R R
interval)
LN1 = R R R R L10 L9 L8 R R R  H = SAV/EAV identification (0 = SAV, 1 = EAV)
LN0 - LN10 Line numbers in binary code P0, P1, P2, P3, P4,P5 = Protection bits
R Reserved, set to “0”
 Digital Video Data Rate

Sampling rate for analog video signal Bit rate for a digital video signal
with 8-bit quantization resolution
Sampling Frequency for Y-signal 13.5 MHz 13.5 *8=108 Mbps
Sampling Frequency for CB-signal 6.75 MHz 6.75 *8=54 Mbps
Sampling Frequency for CR-signal 6.75 MHz 6.75 *8=54 Mbps
Total 216 Mbps

Sampling rate for analog video signal Bit rate for a digital video signal with
10-bit quantization resolution
Sampling Frequency for Y-signal 13.5 MHz 13.5 *10=135 Mbps
Sampling Frequency for CB-signal 6.75 MHz 6.75 *10= 67.5 Mbps
Sampling Frequency for CR-signal 6.75 MHz 6.75 *10= 67.5 Mbps
Total 270 Mbps
 Digital Video Data Rate for HD

Sampling rate for analog video signal Bit rate for a digital video signal with
10-bit quantization resolution
Sampling Frequency for Y-signal 74.25 MHz 74.25 *10=742.5 Mbps
Sampling Frequency for CB-signal 37.125 MHz 37.125 *10= 371.25 Mbps

Sampling Frequency for CR-signal 37.125MHz 37.125 *10= 371.25 Mbps

Total 1485 Mbps

1485/1.001=1483.5MHz is also used

 Digital Audio Data Rate

Sampling Frequency for Bit rate of digital audio signal with 16-
44.1 kHz
audio signal bit quantization resolution
(32/44.1/48 kHz)
2*16*44.1=1.41 Mbps
 Serial Digital Interface (SDI)
• Uncompressed digital Video signals have a data rate of 270 M.bits/s.

• Digital video is distributed through SDI (Serial CCIR 601 Interface)

• SDI uses waveform that is symmetrical about ground and has an

initial amplitude of 800 mVpp across 75 ohm load.

• SDI signal can be fed through 75 ohm coaxial cable having BNC
connectors.

• Unlike analog vide practice, serial digital receivers contain correct

termination that is permanently present and passive loop through is
not possible.

• In permanent installations, no attempt should be made to drive more

than one load using T-pieces as this will result in signal reflections
that seriously compromise the data integrity.
 TRS-ID
Generator 10
Out
(Composite only)
Latch
75

Descrambles
Equalizer

Scrambles

Line driver
10 bit Coax.
8 or 10 bit shift 30 bit
samples register shift register
Clock
30
27MHz
36MHz Shift
or 4 Fx Centre Sync
clock Regenerated
Freq. Pattern
360MHz PLL Clock
Adjust detect
PLL10 270MHz
40Fx
Word
Bit
Clock  10 Clock
THANK YOU