Control Charts For Variables: Hapter
Control Charts For Variables: Hapter
Ri = xmax - xmin
R = average range for all m samples
Now
3
UCL = X
n
3
LCL = X
n
CONTROL CHARTS FOR x
But, est = R / d 2
3R
So, 3 / n can be written as:
d2 n
3
Let A2 =
d2 n
Then, 3R
A2 R
d2 n
6-2. CONTROL CHARTS FOR x AND R
Control Limits for the x chart
UCL x A2 R
Center Line x
LCL x A2 R
A2 is found in Appendix VI for various values of n.
CONTROL CHART FOR R
We need an estimate of R
We will use relative range W = R/, R = W
Let d3 be the standard deviation of W
StdDev [R] = StdDev [W]
R d3
Use R to estimate R
CONTROL CHART FOR R
est,R = d3(R(bar)/d2)
UCL = R(bar) + 3 est,R = R(bar) + 3d3(R(bar)/d2)
CL = R(bar)
LCL = R(bar) - 3 est,R = R(bar) - 3d3(R(bar)/d2)
Let D3 = 1 – 3(d3/d2)
And, D4 = 1 + 3(d3/d2)
6-2. CONTROL CHARTS FOR x AND R
Control Limits for the R chart
UCL D4 R
Center Line R
LCL D3 R
P = F([1.00–1.5056]/0.1398) +1 – F([2.00-
1.5056]/.1398) = F(-3.6166) + 1 – F(3.53648) =
.00035
These values from the APPENDIX 2 / 693
1
P̂ 100%
C
p
**The Cp statistic assumes that the process mean is
centered at the midpoint of the specification band
– it measures potential capability.
EXAMPLE 6-1: ESTIMATING BANDWIDTH
USED
Edition
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th
2- Permanent or semi-permanent change:
b F (L k n ) F ( L k n )
L= multiple of standard error in the control limits
k = shift in process mean (# of standard
deviations).
EXAMPLE
We are using a 3 limit Xbar chart with sample
size equal to 5
L=3
n=5
Determine the probability of detecting a shift to
1 = 0 + 2 on the first sample following the shift
k=2
EXAMPLE, CONTINUED
So, b=F[3–2 SQRT(5)]-F[-3–2 SQRT(5)]
= F(-1.47) – F(-7.37) = .0708
P(not detecting on first sample) = .0708
P(detecting on first sample) =1- .0708=.9292
6-2.6 THE OPERATING
CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION
The operating characteristic curves are plots of the
value b against k for various sample sizes
S is an estimator of c4
where c4 is a constant depends on sample size
n.
The standard deviation of S is 1 c 2
4
6-3.1 CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF x AND S CHARTS
CL c 4
LCL B5
B5, B6, and c4 are found in the Appendix VI for
various values of n.
6-3.1 CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF x AND S CHARTS
No Standard Given
If is unknown, we can use an average sample
standard deviation 1 m
S Si
m i 1
UCL B4 S
CL S
LCL B3 S
6-3.1 CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION OF x AND S CHARTS
m
(n i 1)Si
2
S i 1m
ni m
i 1
6-3.2 THE x AND S CONTROL CHARTS
WITH VARIABLE SAMPLE SIZE
Control Limits
UCL x A 3 S UCL B 4 S
CL x CL S
LCL x A 3 S LCL B3 S
6-4. THE SHEWHART CONTROL CHART
FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS
UCL D 4 MR
CL MR
LCL 0
6-4. THE SHEWHART CONTROL CHART
FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS
Example
Ten successive heats of a steel alloy are tested for
hardness. The resulting data are
Heat Hardness Heat Hardness
1 52 6 52
2 51 7 50
3 54 8 51
4 55 9 58
5 50 10 51
6-4. THE SHEWHART CONTROL CHART
FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS
Example
I and MR Chart for hardness
62 3.0SL=60.97
Individuals
52 X=52.40
-3.0SL=43.83
42
Observation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.0SL=10.53
10
Moving Range
5
R=3.222
0 -3.0SL=0.000
6-4. THE SHEWHART CONTROL CHART
FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENTS
Probability
.80
.50
performance. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
hardness
Average: 52.4 Anderson-Darling Normality Test
StDev: 2.54733 A-Squared: 0.648
N: 10 P-Value: 0.063
END