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Data Models in GIS (Part 2)

1) A raster data model uses a grid structure of rows and columns where each cell holds attribute data. Linear features are represented by contiguous cells and resolution depends on cell size. 2) Key elements of the raster data model include cell values, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference. Common raster data types include satellite imagery, digital elevation models, digital orthophotos, and scanned maps. 3) Advantages of the raster data model include simple structure and efficient representation of spatial variability. Disadvantages include less compact data structure and harder representation of topology.

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50 views28 pages

Data Models in GIS (Part 2)

1) A raster data model uses a grid structure of rows and columns where each cell holds attribute data. Linear features are represented by contiguous cells and resolution depends on cell size. 2) Key elements of the raster data model include cell values, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference. Common raster data types include satellite imagery, digital elevation models, digital orthophotos, and scanned maps. 3) Advantages of the raster data model include simple structure and efficient representation of spatial variability. Disadvantages include less compact data structure and harder representation of topology.

Uploaded by

Naveed Hussain
Copyright
© Public Domain
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEO-INFORMATICS (GS-250)

Lecture 7

Data Models in GIS (Part 2)

Muhammad Tariq Khan

1
Raster Data Models
Characteristics
• Simple 'grid' structure of rows and columns.
• Based on cells or picture elements (pixels).
• Linear feature (e.g. a road) is a contiguous set of cells.
• Resolution based on size of grid (cell) -> the smaller the cell, the higher the
resolution.
• Features are considered homogenous within a pixel.
• Storage increases with the square of the resolution.

2
Raster Data Models
Generic Structure for a Grid

3
Raster Data Model - Grid Cell
• Cell is the basic spatial unit for a grid theme.
Cells are squares (they have equal height and
width).

• Cells to be any size, but they should be small


enough to define the most detailed geographic
feature to be analyzed.

• Cell locations are referenced by their row and column position. Every cell can
be uniquely identified by its row and column position.
4
Raster Data Model
• A raster data model uses a grid:

• One grid cell is one unit or holds one attribute. Every cell has a value, even if

it is “missing.”

• A cell can hold a number or an index value standing for an attribute.

• A cell has a resolution, given as the cell size in ground units.

5
The Raster Data Model
• A raster represents a continuous surface,

• But for data storage and analysis, a raster is divided into rows,

columns, and cells.

• Raster data represent

• points by single cells,

• lines by sequences of neighboring cells,

• and areas by collections of contiguous cells.


6
The Raster Data Model

7
The Raster Data Model

8
Elements of the Raster Data Model
1) Cell value. Each cell in a raster carries a value, which represents the

characteristic of a spatial phenomenon at the location denoted by its row and

column. The cell value can be integer or floating-point.

2) Cell size. The cell size determines the resolution of the raster data model.

3) Raster bands. A raster may have a single band or multiple bands.

4) Spatial reference. Raster data must have the spatial reference information so

that they can align spatially with other data sets in a GIS.
9
Coordinates for a Raster Cell

10
Types of Raster Data
• Satellite Imagery

• Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

• Digital Orthophotos (DOQ)

• Bi-Level Scanned Files

• Digital Raster Graphics (DRGs)

• Graphic Files

• GIS Software-Specific Raster Data


11
Types of Raster Data – Satellite Images

12
Types of Raster Data – DEM

13
Types of Raster Data - DEM

14
Types of Raster Data - DEM

15
Types of Raster Data - DOQ

DOQ is a image prepared


from an aerial photograph or
other remotely sensed data, in
which the displacement
caused by camera tilt and
terrain relief has been
removed.
16
Raster Data Model
Advantages
• A simple data structure.
• Overlay operations are straight forward.
• High spatial variability is efficiently represented (e.g. relief).
• Only raster can store image data (e.g. photos).
Disadvantages
• Data structure is not compact (though it can be modified).
• Topological relationships are harder to represent. Map output can appear
'blocky'.
17
Grid Based Coincidence
• In its simplest form, cells in grids will stack
neatly on top of each other when overlaid.
The grids will share a common coordinate
system, origin, and cell size.
• Grid based coincidence analysis is fast
because location is intrinsic to the data
model. Unlike vector systems, grid-based
systems simply look up the same row and
column positions in the input grids (tables).
18
Overlay

• Overlaying polygon vector themes can be computationally complex. By


contrast, an overlay can be a simple operation when you're working with grid
data because cells from the grid layers stack directly on top of each other.
19
Raster Data Model – Attribute Data
• Attribute data are stored logically in flat files.

• A flat file is a matrix of numbers and values stored

in rows and columns, like a spreadsheet.

• Both logical and physical data models have

evolved over time.

• DBMSs use many different methods to store and

manage flat files in physical files.


20
Raster Data Structure

• Cell-by-Cell Encoding

• Run Length Encoding

• Quad Tree

21
Cell-by-Cell Encoding

22
Run Length Encoding

23
Quad Tree
• The regional quad tree method divides a raster into a hierarchy of quadrants.

The division stops when a quadrant is made of cells of the same value (gray or

white). A quadrant that cannot be subdivided is called a leaf node. In the

diagram, the quadrants are indexed spatially: 0 for NW, 1 for SW, 2 for SE,

and 3 for NE. Using the spatial indexing method and the hierarchical quad tree

structure, the gray cells can be coded as 02, 032, and so on.
(PTO for Example)
24
25
Data Conversion

• The conversion of vector data to raster data is called

rasterization,

• The conversion of raster data to vector data is called

vectorization.

26
Data Conversion

27
Raster versus Vector
• In a more complex example, this image shows both
raster data and vector data. This image is at normal
size (no zoom).

• When we zoom in 16X from the previous image, the


difference between raster and vector data becomes
more apparent. The raster data is defined by an
individual colour (representing a data value) for each
grid cell. The vector data remains a solid red line with
the same width. 28

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