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Chi Square Test

The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

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Muhammad Shahid
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226 views15 pages

Chi Square Test

The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Chi Square Test

Muhammad Shahid
Sr. lecturer IIN
Introduction
 We often have occasions to make
comparisons between two characteristics
of something to see if they are linked or
related to each other.

 One way to do this is to work out what we


would expect to find if there was no
relationship between them (the usual null
hypothesis) and what we actually observe.
Introduction
 The test we use to measure the
differences between what is observed
and what is expected according to an
assumed hypothesis is called the chi-
square test.
For Example
 Some null hypotheses may be:
– ‘there is no relationship between the height
of the post RN and Generic BSN students ’.

– ‘there is no connection between the size of


farm and the type of farm’
Important
 The chi square test can only be used on
data that has the following
characteristics:
The frequency data must have a
The data must be in the form precise numerical value and must be
of frequencies organised into categories or groups.

The expected frequency in any one cell


of the table must be greater than 5.

The total number of observations must be


greater than 20.
Formula

χ 2 = ∑ (O – E)2
E

χ2 = The value of chi square


O = The observed value
E = The expected value
∑ (O – E)2 = all the values of (O – E) squared then added
together
Step 01
 Write down the NULL HYPOTHESIS
and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
and set the LEVEL OF
SIGNIFICANCE.

 NH ‘ there is no association between gender and


hypertensive status

 AH ‘there is association between gender and


hypertensive status
 We will set the level of significance at 0.05.
Construct a table with the information you have observed
or obtained.
Observed Frequencies (O)

HTN Males Females


Status
N 50 50
PH 20 40

H 10 30
Step 02 & 03 significance level
 Look up the significance tables. These will
tell you whether to accept the null
hypothesis or reject it.

 The number of degrees of freedom to use is: the


number of rows in the table minus 1, multiplied by the
number of columns minus 1. This is (2-1) x (3-1) = 1 x 2 =
2 degrees of freedom.
Critical value X2=5.991
 Step 04 calculation of calculated value

Expected frequency = row total x column total


Grand total

Eg: expected frequency for Normal male E1 = (100 x 80) / 200 = 40

HTN MALES FEMALES


Status
N E1=40 E2=60
PH E3=24 E4=36
H E5=16 E5=24
HTN Males Females
Status Row Total
N 50 50 100
PH 20 40 60
H 10 30 40
Column 80 120 200
total
O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
50 40 10 100 100/40 =2.5
50 60 -10 100 100/60 =1.66
20 24 -4 16 16/24 =0.66
40 36 4 16 16/36 =0.44
10 16 -6 36 36/16 =2.25
30 24 6 36 36/24 =1.5
(X2)=9.01

Add up all of the above numbers to obtain


the value for chi square: χ2 = 9.01
 Comparison of critical and calculated
value

We find that our answer of 9.01 is greater than the


critical value of 5.991 (for 2 degrees of freedom and a
significance level of 0.05) and so we reject the null
hypothesis.
Step Decision
 We reject the null hypotheses because
the calculated value fall into rejection
area
Step 06 conclusion
 There is an association between gender
and hypertensive status at alpha 0.05

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