Analog Electronics II, ECE-204: Chapter-1: Feedback Concepts

Analog Electronics II, ECE-204
Chapter-1: Feedback concepts
Instructor: Abreha T. (MSc in Microelectronics Engineering)

Feedback Concepts
 Depending on the relative polarity of the signal being fedback we can have:
 Negative feedback, or
 Positive feedback
 Negative feedback results in decreased voltage gain, for which a number of

circuit features are improved, as summarized in next slide.
 Positive feedback drives a circuit into oscillation as in various types of
oscillator circuits.
The effects of negative
feedback on an amplifier:
Disadvantage
• Lower gain
Advantages
• Higher input impedance
• More stable gain
• Improved frequency response
• Lower output impedance
• Reduced noise
• More linear operation
Fig 1.1
3
Gain with feedback, Af
 Assuming that the feedback network does not load the basic amplifier from Fig.
1.1
 VO= A*Vi……………………………………..1.1
 Also
 Vf= β*VO…………………………………..….1.2
 Vi = VS - Vf…………………………………….1.3
 Substituting (1.2) in (1.3) gives
 Vi = VS – β*VO……………………………….1.4
 Substituting (1.4) in (1.1) gives
 Vo= A*VS - Aβ*VO
 And thus
𝑉𝑜 𝐴
 = Af= ……………………………...1.5
𝑉𝑠 1+𝐴β
 Equation 1.5 is the fundamental equation for negative feedback circuits where Af
is the overall gain with feedback applied. Af is often called the closed-loop gain.
Gain sensitivity
 In most practical situations, gain A of the basic amplifier is dependent on temperature,

active-device operating conditions, and transistor parameters.
𝑑 Af 1+𝛽A −𝛽A
 =
𝑑𝐴 (1+𝛽A)2
𝑑 Af 1
 => = …………………….1.7
𝑑𝐴 (1+𝛽A)2
 If A changes by ΔA, then Af changes by ΔAf where

ΔA
 ΔAf =
(1+𝛽A)2
 The fractional change in Af is

ΔAf 1+𝐴𝛽 ΔA
 =
Af A (1+𝛽A)2
 This can be expressed as

𝛥𝐴
ΔAf
 = 𝐴
…………………………..1.8
Af 1+𝐴𝛽
 Equation 1.8 shows that the fractional change in Af is reduced by (1 + 𝐴𝛽) compared to the
fractional change in A.
 For example, if 𝐴𝛽 = 100 and A changes by 10 percent due to temperature change, then the
overall gain Af changes by only 0.1 percent using (1.8).
Feedback Connection Types
 Four types of feedback connections

 Voltage-series (Series-Shunt); fig. (a) below
 Voltage-shunt (Shunt-Shunt) ; fig. (b) below
 Current-series (Series-Series) ;fig. (c) below
 Current-shunt (Shunt-Series) ; fig. (d) below
 In the list above, voltage refers to connecting the output voltage as input to the
feedback network;
 current refers to tapping off some output current through the feedback
network.
 Series refers to connecting the feedback signal in series with the input signal
voltage;
 shunt refers to connecting the feedback signal in shunt (parallel) with an input
current source.
6
Fig 1.2: Feedback topologies
Input and ouput impedance
with feedback
Voltage-Series Feedback
For voltage-series feedback, the

output voltage is fed back in series
to the input.
The feedback gain is given by:
1 R1  R 2
Af  
β R2
9
Voltage-Shunt Feedback
For a voltage-shunt feedback amplifier, the output voltage is fed back in
parallel with the input.
The feedback gain is given by

Ro
Af  
Ri
10
Current-Series Feedback
For a current-series feedback

amplifier, a portion of the
output current is fed back in
series with the input.
To determine the feedback gain:
I A  h fe h ie  h fe
Af  o   
Vs 1  βA   h fe  h ie  h fe R E
1  (  R E ) 
 ie
h  R E
11
Current-Shunt Feedback
For a current-shunt feedback amplifier, a portion of the output
current is directed back in parallel with the input.
The feedback gain is

given by:
I
Af  o
Is
12
Summary of Feedback Effects
13
Frequency Distortion with Feedback
• If the feedback network is purely resistive, then the gain with

feedback will be less dependent on frequency variations. In some
cases the resistive feedback removes all dependence on frequency
variations.
• If the feedback includes frequency dependent components

(capacitors and inductors), then the frequency response of the
amplifier will be affected.
14
Noise and Nonlinear Distortion
• The feedback network reduces noise by cancellation. The phase

of the feedback signal is often opposite the phase of the input
signal.
• Nonlinear distortion is also reduced simply because the gain is

reduced. The amplifier is operating in midrange and not at the
extremes.
15
Bandwidth with Feedback
Feedback increases the bandwidth of an amplifier.
16
Gain Stability with Feedback
Gain calculations with feedback are often based on external

resistive elements in the circuit. By removing gain calculations
from internal variations of  and gm, the gain becomes more
stable.
17
Phase and Frequency Considerations
At higher frequencies the feedback signal may no longer

be out of phase with the input. The feedback is thus
positive and the amplifier, itself, becomes unstable and
begins to oscillate
18
Oscillator Operation
The feedback signal must be positive. The overall gain must equal one (unity
gain).
If the feedback signal is not
positive or the gain is less than If the overall gain is greater than
one, the oscillations dampens out. one, the oscillator eventually
saturates.
19
Types of Oscillator Circuits
Phase-shift oscillator
Wien bridge oscillator
Tuned oscillator circuits
Crystal oscillators
Unijunction oscillator
20
Phase-Shift Oscillator
The amplifier must supply enough
gain to compensate for losses. The
overall gain must be unity.
The RC networks provide the

necessary phase shift for a positive
feedback.
The values of the RC components

also determine the frequency of
oscillation:
1
f
2 πRC 6
more…
21
Phase-Shift Oscillator
The amplifier must supply enough
gain to compensate for losses. The
overall gain must be unity.
The RC networks provide the

necessary phase shift for a positive
feedback.
The values of the RC components

also determine the frequency of
oscillation:
1
f
2π 6RC
more…
22
Wien Bridge Oscillator
The amplifier must supply

enough gain to compensate
for losses. The overall gain
must be unity.
• The feedback resistors

are R3 and R4.
• The phase-shift
components are R1, C1
and R2, C2.
23
Tuned Oscillator Circuits
Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to

provide the oscillations.
There are two common types:
Colpitts—The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.
Hartley—The resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two

inductors and one capacitor.
24
Colpitts Oscillator Circuit
The frequency of oscillation is

determined by:
1
fo 
2π LC eq
where:
C1C 2
Ceq 
C1  C 2
25
Hartley Oscillator Circuit
The frequency of oscillation is

determined by:
1
fo 
2π L eq C
where:
Leq  L1  L 2  2M
26
Crystal Oscillators
The crystal appears as a resonant circuit.
The crystal has two resonant frequencies:
Series resonant condition

• RLC determine the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a low impedance
Parallel resonant condition

• RL and CM determine the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a high impedance
The series and parallel resonant frequencies are very

close, within 1% of each other.
27
Series Resonant Crystal Oscillator
 RLC determine the resonant frequency
 The crystal has a low impedance
28
Parallel Resonant Crystal Oscillator
• RL and CM determine
the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a high

impedance
29
Unijunction Oscillator
The output frequency is

determined by:
1
fo 
R TCT ln1 (1  η)
Where  is a rating of
the unijunction
transistor with values
between 0.4 and 0.6.
30
Unijunction Oscillator Waveforms
The unijunction oscillator (or
relaxation oscillator) produces a
sawtooth waveform.
31

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Analog Electronics II, ECE-204

Chapter-1: Feedback concepts

Instructor: Abreha T. (MSc in Microelectronics Engineering)

 Negative feedback results in decreased voltage gain, for which a number of

 In most practical situations, gain A of the basic amplifier is dependent on temperature,

 If A changes by ΔA, then Af changes by ΔAf where

 The fractional change in Af is

 This can be expressed as

 Four types of feedback connections

For voltage-series feedback, the

The feedback gain is given by:

The feedback gain is given by

For a current-series feedback

To determine the feedback gain:

The feedback gain is

• If the feedback network is purely resistive, then the gain with

• If the feedback includes frequency dependent components

• The feedback network reduces noise by cancellation. The phase

• Nonlinear distortion is also reduced simply because the gain is

Gain calculations with feedback are often based on external

At higher frequencies the feedback signal may no longer

The RC networks provide the

The values of the RC components

The RC networks provide the

The values of the RC components

The amplifier must supply

• The feedback resistors

Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to

There are two common types:

Colpitts—The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.

Hartley—The resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two

The frequency of oscillation is

The frequency of oscillation is

The crystal has two resonant frequencies:

Series resonant condition

Parallel resonant condition

The series and parallel resonant frequencies are very

 RLC determine the resonant frequency

 The crystal has a low impedance

• The crystal has a high

The output frequency is

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