Electrical Machines and Power Electronics: ENEE4301
Electrical Machines and Power Electronics: ENEE4301
Electrical Machines and Power Electronics: ENEE4301
ENEE4301
Grading:
Midterm Exam 35 %
Final Exam 40 %
Class Work 25 %
------------
100 %
Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to
another through the action of a magnetic field.
An electric motor does not require constant ventilation and fuel the way
that an internal-combustion engine does, so the motor is very well suited for
use in environments where the pollutants associated with combustion are
not desirable.
dr
v (m/sec)
where: dt
r – distance traverse by the body
t – time taken to travel the distance r
These measures of shaft speed are related to each other by the following
equations:
rsinqrsinq
where:
F ma ( N or kg.m/sec^2)
F – net force applied
m – mass of object
a – resultant acceleration of object
J (Nm)
where:
- Torque
J – moment of inertia
- angular acceleration
Work (W)
Is defined as the application of Force through a distance.
- For linear motion
W Fdr ( Joules OR foot-pounds)
Assuming that the direction of F is collinear (in the same direction) with the
direction of motion.
If F (force) is constant then:
W Fr
- For rotational motion
W dq
dW (Watt) OR (Joules/s) OR
P hours power (1 hp = 746 watt )
dt OR foot-pounds/s
Assuming that force is constant and collinear with the direction of motion,
power is given by
This equation can describe the mechanical power on the shaft of a motor or
generator.
Basic principles:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
Ampere’s Law – the basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a
current:
H dl I net
Where,
H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet
dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration.
H is measured in Ampere-turns per meter.
Applying Ampere’s law, the total amount of magnetic field induced will be
proportional to the amount of current flowing through the conductor wound
with N turns around the ferromagnetic material as shown. Since the core is
made of ferromagnetic material, it is assumed that a majority of the magnetic
field will be confined to the core.
The path of integration in Ampere’s law is the mean path length of the core, lc
The current passing within the path of integration Inet is then Ni,
Since the coil of wires cuts the path of integration N times while carrying the
current i. Hence Ampere’s Law becomes,
Hlc Ni
Ni
H (Ampere turns per meter)
lc
Magnetic field intensity H is known as the effort required to induce a magnetic field.
The strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core also depends on
the material of the core. Thus,
B H
B = magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))
µ= magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)
H = magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
Note:
• permeability of air = permeability of free space.
• steels used in modern machines have r of 2000 to 6000.
B H ilc
CSA
N turns
Now, to measure the total flux (F) flowing in the ferromagnetic core, consideration
has to be made in terms of its cross sectional area (CSA). Therefore,
BdA
A
Where: A – cross sectional area throughout the core
Assuming that the flux density in the ferromagnetic core is constant throughout
hence constant A, the equation simplifies to be:
BA
NiA
weber
lc
The current in a coil of wire wrapped around a core produces a magnetic flux in the
core. This is in some sense analogous to a voltage in an electric circuit producing a
current flow.
+ +
V R F=Ni Reluctance, R
- -
(mmf)
NiA
P
1 Also
R lc
since
F A
Ni
R lc
FP A
F
lc
A lc
P ,R
lc A
1) Assumes that all flux are confined within the core, but in reality a
small fraction of the flux escapes from the core into the surrounding
low-permeability air, and this flux is called leakage flux.
2) Assumes a certain mean path length and cross sectional area (CSA)
of the core is not accurate especially at the corners.
4) For ferromagnetic core which has air gaps, there are fringing effects
that should be taken into account as shown:
S
knee
unsaturated region
Hysteresis losses
Notice that the amount of flux present in the core depends not only on the amount
of current applied to the windings of the core, but also on the previous history of the
flux in the core.
This dependence on the preceding flux history and the resulting failure to retrace
flux paths is called hysteresis.
The hysteresis loss in an iron core is the energy required to accomplish the
reorientation of domains during each cycle of the alternating current
applied to the core. It is proportional to hysteresis loop and cause heat in
the core.
‘The direction of the build-up voltage in the coil is as such that if the coils were
short circuited, it would produce current that would cause a flux opposing the
original flux change.’
In calculations we can omit the minus because it indicates only the physical
consideration.
If there was a leakage flux out of the core, then each turn might have a
slightly different flux.
Now consider the induced voltage in the ith turn of the coil, di
ei
dt
N
eind ei
Since there is N number of turns, the
equation above may be rewritten into,
i 1
N
d i
i 1 dt
d N
i
dt i 1
d
eind
dt
where (flux linkage) is defined as: N
i (Weber-turns)
i 1
Eddy current: the time changing flux also induces a voltage in the core, which
causes eddy currents to flow within the core.
these currents pass through the core (resistive core) causing energy loss
called eddy current losses.
F i l B
where:
i – represents the current flow in the conductor
l – length of wire, with direction of l defined to be in the direction of current
flow
B – magnetic field density vector
Thump
Thumb
(resultant force) F
Index
Index Finger
(current direction) Middle I
B
Middle
Finger
(Magnetic Flux Direction)
Right Hand Rule
The induced force formula shown earlier is true if the current carrying conductor
is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. If the current carrying
conductor is positioned at an angle to the magnetic field, the formula is
F ilB sin q
modified to be as follows:
Where: q - angle between the conductor and the direction of the magnetic
field.
aabdo@birzeit.edu Electrical Machine & Power Electronics ENEE 4301
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Example 1-6
The figure shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of a magnetic
field. The magnetic flux density is 0.25T, directed into the page. If the wire
is 1m long and carries 0.5A of current in the direction from the top of the
page to the bottom, what are the magnitude and direction of the force
induced on the wire?
F ilB sin q
= (0.5A)(1.0)m(0.25T) sin 90o
= 0.125 N
Therefore F=0.125 N directed to the right
The magnitude of the induced voltage is dependent upon the velocity of the
wire assuming that the magnetic field is constant. This can be summarised in
terms of formulation as shown:
eind = (v x B) l
where:
v – velocity of the wire
B – magnetic field density
l – length of the wire in the magnetic field
Note: The value of l (length) is dependent upon the angle at which the wire
cuts through the magnetic field. Hence a more complete formula will be as
follows:
eind = (v x B)l cosѳ
where:
q - smallest angle between the conductor and the direction of (v x B)
aabdo@birzeit.edu Electrical Machine & Power Electronics ENEE 4301
Introduction to Machinery Principles
The induction of voltages in a wire moving in a magnetic field is fundamental to
the operation of all types of generators.
Example 1.8
The figure shows a conductor moving with a velocity of 5m/s to the right in the
presence of a magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5T into the page, and the wire is
1m length, oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting
induced voltage?
Positive voltage
polarity is in the
direction of vxB
Battery
Bar of conductor
VB iR eind 0
VB eind iR 0
Since ,V B iR e ind
V B e ind
i
R
At this moment, eind is 0 due to no movement of the wire (the bar is at rest).
F i (l B )
Direction of movement: Right
ilB sin 90
ilB
When the bar starts to move, its velocity will increase, and a voltage appears
across the bar.
The voltage now reduces the current flowing in the bar, since by Kirchhoff's voltage law
V B e ind
i
R
Eventually; the bar will reach a constant steady-state speed where the net force on the
bar is zero. This occurs when eind has risen all the way up to equal VB. This is given by:
A force Fload is applied to the bar opposing the direction of motion. Since the
bar was initially at steady state, application of the force Fload will result in a net
force on the bar in the direction opposite the direction of motion.
Thus, the bar will slow down (the resulting acceleration a = Fnet/m is negative). As
soon as that happen, the induced voltage on the bar drops
(eind = v↓ Bl).
When the induced voltage drops, the current flow in the bar will rise
VB eind
i
R
Thus, the induced force will rise too.
(Find↑ = i↑ lB)
Final result the induced force will rise until it is equal and opposite to the load
force, and the bar again travels in steady state condition, but at a lower speed.
Now, there is an induced force in the direction of motion and power is being
converted from electrical to mechanical form to keep the bar moving.
• The applied force will cause the bar to accelerate in the direction of motion, and the
velocity v will increase.
• So; eind = v ↑ Bl will increase and will be larger than VB.
• When eind > VB the current reverses direction.
• Since the current now flows up through the bar, it induces a force in the bar (Find = ilB
to the left). This induced force opposes the applied force on the bar.
NOTE:
The same machine acts as both motor and generator. The only difference is
whether the externally applied force is in the direction of motion (generator) or
opposite to the direction of motion (motor).
Homework:
1.6, 1.17, 1.21, and 1.22.