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    Pengantarminyakbumi

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    Immanuel Agapao
    This document discusses petroleum processing and refining. It begins by looking at world crude oil reserves, the composition of crude oil, and how crude oil is classified. It then examines the various processes used in refining such as distillation, reforming, and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to separate crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Key conversion reactions in refining include dehydrogenation, isomerization, and hydrocracking.

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    Pengantarminyakbumi

    Uploaded by

    Immanuel Agapao
    39 views13 pages
    This document discusses petroleum processing and refining. It begins by looking at world crude oil reserves, the composition of crude oil, and how crude oil is classified. It then examines the various processes used in refining such as distillation, reforming, and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to separate crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Key conversion reactions in refining include dehydrogenation, isomerization, and hydrocracking.

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    This document discusses petroleum processing and refining. It begins by looking at world crude oil reserves, the composition of crude oil, and how crude oil is classified. It then examines the various processes used in refining such as distillation, reforming, and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to separate crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Key conversion reactions in refining include dehydrogenation, isomerization, and hydrocracking.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    39 views13 pages

    Pengantarminyakbumi

    Uploaded by

    Immanuel Agapao
    This document discusses petroleum processing and refining. It begins by looking at world crude oil reserves, the composition of crude oil, and how crude oil is classified. It then examines the various processes used in refining such as distillation, reforming, and catalytic cracking. The goal of refining is to separate crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Key conversion reactions in refining include dehydrogenation, isomerization, and hydrocracking.

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    of 13

    Pengolahan Minyak Bumi

    Nelson Saksono & Yuliusman

    Ref :
    1. Speight, James G. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 2nd edition. Marcel
    Dekker Inc. New York. 1991.

    2. James H . Gary. “ Petroleum Refining, Technology and Economic”, Marcel Dekker,Inc,


    New York, 1975
    World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil

    20.6 65.4
    63.7 44.0
    675.7
    74.9
    89.5

    Billion barrels
    World Proven Crude Oil Reserves

    South & Central


    North America
    America
    6%
    9%
    Europe
    2%
    Africa
    7%
    Middle East Former Soviet Union
    66% 6%
    Asia & Pacific
    4%

    as percent of 1296 billion barrel total


    Composition of Crude Oil

    CRUDE OIL

    HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS

    ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS


    25% 17% 50% <8% <1% <3% <100PPM

    C1 - C60 (C6H5)n O
    CYCLOALKANES
    SH

    N
    H COOH
    S
    Crude Oil Classification

    PETROLEUM
    Saturates Asphaltics
    n-alkanes C5 - C44 nitrogen
    branched alkanes
    Aromatics oxygen containing compounds
    cycloalkanes (napthenes) single ring sulfur
    condensed ring

    Ot he r
    10% S a t ur a t e s
    A spha l t i c s
    25%
    8%

    A r om a t i c s
    7%

    API Gravity = 35o


    N a pht he ne s
    50%
    The Uses of Crude Oil
    Uses of Crude Oil

    Uses of Crude Oil

    Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil


    Kerosene Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Oil
    Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil
    Liquefied Refinery Gases Still Gas
    Kerosene Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Oil
    Coke Asphalt and Road Oil
    Liquefied Refinery Gases Still Gas
    Coke PETROCHEM ICAL FEEDSTOCKS Lubricants
    Asphalt and Road Oil
    Kerosene
    PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS Other
    Lubricants
    Kerosene Other
    The Xylenes

    CH3 CH3 CH3


    CH3

    CH3
    CH3
    ortho meta para
    Boiling Point 144oC 139.3oC 137-138oC
    Melting Point -25oC -47.4oC 13-14oC
    CRUDE Petroleum delivered from well field

    DESALTING Water washing to remove impurities

    Distillation to separate by boiling point


    REFINING
    ranges

    REFORMING Conversion reactions to alter


    molecular structures

    Mixing to obtain maximum commercial


    BLENDING
    characteristics
    Petroleum Refining
    C1-C4
    GAS bp < 50 oF

    C5 - C?
    T LIGHT NAPHTHA
    bp 50-200oF

    O HEAVY NAPHTHA
    C? - C12
    bp 200-400oF
    W
    C12 - C16
    E KEROSENE
    bp 400-500oF
    CRUDE DESALTER FURNACE
    R ATM. GAS OIL C15 - C18
    bp 500-650oC

    > C20
    RESIDUUM
    bp >650oF

    Distillation – separation by boiling point


    Petroleum Reforming
    GAS FUEL GAS

    T LIGHT NAPHTHA TREATER


    GASOLINE
    O HEAVY NAPHTHA HYDROTREATER REFORMER AROMATIC

    W EXTRACTION
    AROMATICS
    E KEROSENE HYDROTREATER
    JET FUELS/KEROSENE

    R ATM. GAS OIL HYDROTREATER CATALYTIC


    CRACKER DIESEL & FUEL OILS

    RESIDUUM
    CATALYTIC
    VACUUM GAS OIL CRACKER
    Vacuum LUBRICATING OIL
    Distillation
    ASPHALT

    COKER COKE
    Conversion Reactions
    THERMAL
    C7H15.C15H30.C7H15 C7H16 + C7H14 + C15H30
    CRACK gasoline gasoline additive recycle

    CATALYTIC

    ALKYLATION CH3CH2CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH3

    COMBINE
    82% 18%

    CH3 H CH3
    POLYMERIZATION H3C C CH2 H3C C CH2 H3C C CH2 C CH2 H3C C CH C
    CH3

    CH3 CH3
    CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    REFORMIING Dehydrogenation
    Dehydroisomerization
    REARRANGE
    Isomerization
    ISOMERIZATION Dehydrocyclization
    Hydrocracking
    Catalytic Reforming – Conversion Reactions
    Dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes to aromatics

    CH3 CH3

    3H2

    Dehydroisomerization of cyclopentanes to aromatics

    CH3

    3H2

    Isomerization of alkanes

    CH3
    CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 H3C CH CH2 CH3

    Dehdrocyclization of alkanes
    CH3

    CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 4 H2

    Hydrocracking of alkanes

    CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3

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