Chapter 24: Servlets

Outline
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture
24.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life Cycle
24.2.2 HttpServlet Class
24.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface
24.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface
24.3 Handling HTTP get Requests
24.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server
24.3.2 Deploying a Web Application
24.4 Handling HTTP get Requests Containing Data
24.5 Handling HTTP post Requests
24.6 Redirecting Requests to Other Resources
24.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC from a Servlet
24.8 Internet and World Wide Web Resources

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.1 Introduction

• Java networking capabilities

– Socket-based and packet-based communications
• Package java.net
– Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
• Package java.rmi
– Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP)
• Request-response model
• Packages javax.servlet
javax.servlet.http
javax.servlet.jsp
javax.servlet.tagext
• Form the Web tier of J2EE

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.1 Introduction (Cont.)

• Servlets
– Thin clients
– Request/response mechanism
– redirection
• Tomcat
– Jakarta project
– Official reference implementation of the JSP and servlet
standards

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2 Servlet Overview and Architecture

• Servlet container (servlet engine)

– Server that executes a servlet
• Web servers and application servers
– Sun ONE Application Server
– Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS)
– Apache HTTP Server
– BEA’s WebLogic Application Server
– IBM’s WebSphere Application Server
– World Wide Web Consortium’s Jigsaw Web Server

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life
Cycle
• Interface Servlet
– All servlets must implement this interface
– All methods of interface Servlet are invoked by servlet
container
• Servlet life cycle
– Servlet container invokes the servlet’s init method
– Servlet’s service method handles requests
– Servlet’s destroy method releases servlet resources when
the servlet container terminates the servlet
• Servlet implementation
– GenericServlet
– HttpServlet

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.1 Interface Servlet and the Servlet Life
Cycle (Cont.)
Method Description
void init(
ServletConfig
config )
The servlet container calls this method once during a servlet’s execution cycle to initialize the
servlet. The ServletConfig argument is supplied by the servlet container that executes the
servlet.
ServletConfig
getServletConfig()
This method returns a reference to an object that implements interface ServletConfig. This
object provides access to the servlet’s configuration information such as servlet initialization
parameters and the servlet’s ServletContext, which provides the servlet with access to its
environment (i.e., the servlet container in which the servlet executes).
String
getServletInfo()
This method is defined by a servlet programmer to return a string containing servlet information
such as the servlet’s author and version.
void service(
ServletRequest
request,
ServletResponse
response )
The servlet container calls this method to respond to a client request to the servlet.

void destroy()
This “cleanup” method is called when a servlet is terminated by its servlet container. Resources
used by the servlet, such as an open file or an open database connection, should be deallocated here.
Fig. 24.1 Methods of interface Servlet (package javax.servlet).

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.2 HttpServlet Class

• Overrides method service

• Two most common HTTP request types
– get requests
– post requests
• Method doGet responds to get requests
• Method doPost responds to post requests
• HttpServletRequest and
HttpServletResponse objects

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.2 HttpServlet Class (Cont.)

Method Description
doDelete Called in response to an HTTP delete request. Such a request is normally used
to delete a file from a server. This may not be available on some servers, because
of its inherent security risks (e.g., the client could delete a file that is critical to
the execution of the server or an application).
doHead Called in response to an HTTP head request. Such a request is normally used
when the client only wants the headers of a response, such as the content type and
content length of the response.
doOptions Called in response to an HTTP options request. This returns information to the
client indicating the HTTP options supported by the server, such as the version of
HTTP (1.0 or 1.1) and the request methods the server supports.
doPut Called in response to an HTTP put request. Such a request is normally used to
store a file on the server. This may not be available on some servers, because of
its inherent security risks (e.g., the client could place an executable application on
the server, which, if executed, could damage the server—perhaps by deleting
critical files or occupying resources).
doTrace Called in response to an HTTP trace request. Such a request is normally used
for debugging. The implementation of this method automatically returns an
HTML document to the client containing the request header information (data
sent by the browser as part of the request).
Fig. 24.2 Other methods of class HttpServlet.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface

• Web server
– creates an HttpServletRequest object
– passes it to the servlet’s service method
• HttpServletRequest object contains the
request from the client

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.3 HttpServletRequest Interface
(Cont.)
Method Description
String
getParameter(
String name )
Obtains the value of a parameter sent to the servlet as part of a get or post request. The
name argument represents the parameter name.
Enumeration
getParameterNames(
)
Returns the names of all the parameters sent to the servlet as part of a post request.

String[]
getParameterValues
( String name )
For a parameter with multiple values, this method returns an array of strings containing the
values for a specified servlet parameter.
Cookie[]
getCookies()
Returns an array of Cookie objects stored on the client by the server. Cookie objects can
be used to uniquely identify clients to the servlet.
HttpSession
getSession(
boolean create )
Returns an HttpSession object associated with the client’s current browsing session.
This method can create an HttpSession object (true argument) if one does not already
exist for the client. HttpSession objects are used in similar ways to Cookies for
uniquely identifying clients.
Fig. 24.3 Some methods of interface HttpServletRequest.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface

• Web server
– creates an HttpServletResponse object
– passes it to the servlet’s service method

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.2.4 HttpServletResponse Interface
(Cont.)
Method Description
void addCookie(
Cookie cookie )
Used to add a Cookie to the header of the response to the client. The
Cookie’s maximum age and whether Cookies are enabled on the client
determine if Cookies are stored on the client.
ServletOutputStream
getOutputStream()
Obtains a byte-based output stream for sending binary data to the client.
PrintWriter
getWriter()
Obtains a character-based output stream for sending text data to the client.
void
setContentType(
String type )
Specifies the MIME type of the response to the browser. The MIME type
helps the browser determine how to display the data (or possibly what
other application to execute to process the data). For example, MIME type
"text/html" indicates that the response is an HTML document, so the
browser displays the HTML page.
Fig. 24.4 Some methods of interface HttpServletResponse.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.3 Handling HTTP get Requests

• get request
– Retrieve the content of a URL
• Example: WelcomeServlet
– a servlet handles HTTP get requests

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 24.5: WelcomeServlet.java Outline
2 // A simple servlet to process get requests.
3
4 import javax.servlet.*; Import the javax.servlet and WelcomeServlet
5 import javax.servlet.http.*; javax.servlet.http packages.
6 import java.io.*; Lines 4-5
7
Extends HttpServlet to
8 public class WelcomeServlet extends HttpServlet {
handle HTTP get Line 8
requests
9
10 // process "get" requests from clients and HTTP post requests.
doGet11-42
Override methodLines to
11 protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request,
provide custom get request
12 HttpServletResponse response )
processing. Line 15
13 throws ServletException, IOException
14 {
Uses the response object’s
15 response.setContentType( "text/html" );
the response Line 16
object’s
setContentType
Uses method to
16 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
17
getWriter method
specify the content to of
type obtain a to
the data
reference Lines
PrintWriter 21-40
18 // send XHTML page to client be sent as to
thethe
response to the client.
19 object that enables the servlet to send
20 // start XHTML document content to the client.
21 out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" ); Create the XHTML document
22 by writing strings with the out
23 out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + object’s println method.
24 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" +
25 "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );
26

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
27 out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" ); Outline
28
29 // head section of document
30 out.println( "<head>" ); WelcomeServlet
31 out.println( "<title>A Simple Servlet Example</title>" );
32 out.println( "</head>" );
33 Line 41
34 // body section of document
35 out.println( "<body>" );
36 out.println( "<h1>Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" );
37 out.println( "</body>" );
38
39 // end XHTML document
40 out.println( "</html>" );
41 out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
Closes the output stream,
42 } flushes the output buffer
43 } and sends the information
to the client.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Outline
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4 WelcomeServlet.
5 <!-- Fig. 24.6: WelcomeServlet.html --> html
6
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
8 <head>
9 <title>Handling an HTTP Get Request</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <form action = "/jhtp5/welcome1" method = "get">
14
15 <p><label>Click the button to invoke the servlet
16 <input type = "submit" value = "Get HTML Document" />
17 </label></p>
18
19 </form>
20 </body>
21 </html>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

Program output

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server

• Download Tomcat (version 4.1.12)

– jakarta.apache.org/builds/
jakarta-tomcat-4.0/release/v4.1.12/bin/
• Define environment variables
– JAVA_HOME
– CATALINA_HOME
• Start the Tomcat server
– startup.bat
• Connect to the Tomcat server using a Web browser
– http://localhost:8080/

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.3.1 Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server
(Cont.).

Fig. 24.7 Tomcat documentation home page. (Courtesy of The Apache Software Foundation.)
 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 24.3.2 Deploying a Web Application

• Web applications
– JSPs, servlets and their supporting files
• Deploying a Web application
– Directory structure
• Context root
– Web application archive file (WAR file)
– Deployment descriptor
• web.xml

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

Directory Description
context root This is the root directory for the Web application. All the
JSPs, HTML documents, servlets and supporting files such
as images and class files reside in this directory or its
subdirectories. The name of this directory is specified by the
Web application creator. To provide structure in a Web
application, subdirectories can be placed in the context root.
For example, if your application uses many images, you
might place an images subdirectory in this directory. The
examples of this chapter use jhtp5 as the context root.
WEB-INF This directory contains the Web application deployment
descriptor (web.xml).
WEB-INF/classes This directory contains the servlet class files and other
supporting class files used in a Web application. If the
classes are part of a package, the complete package directory
structure would begin here.
WEB-INF/lib This directory contains Java archive (JAR) files. The JAR
files can contain servlet class files and other supporting class
files used in a Web application.
Fig. 24.8 Web application standard directories.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 <!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC \ Outline
2 "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.2//EN"
3 "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/web-app_2_2.dtd">
4
Element web-app defines the configuration web.xml
5 <web-app>
of each servlet in the Web application and
6
the servlet mapping for each servlet. Lines 5-37
7 <!-- General description of your Web application -->
Element display-name specifies
8 <display-name>
a name that can be displayed to the Lines 8-11
9 Java How to Program JSP
10 and Servlet Chapter Examples administrator of the server on which
11 </display-name> the Web application is installed. Lines 13-16
12 Element description specifies a
13 <description> Lines 19-29
description of the Web application
14 This is the Web application in which we
that might be displayed to the
15 demonstrate our JSP and Servlet examples. Line 20
16 </description> administrator of the server.
17 Lines 22-24
18 <!-- Servlet definitions -->
19 <servlet> servlet
ElementElement servlet-name
describes a servlet.
Lines 26-28
20 <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name>
is the name for the servlet.
21
22 <description> Element description
23 A simple servlet specifies
that handlesa description
an HTTP getfor
request.
24 </description> this particular servlet.
25

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
26 <servlet-class> Element servlet-class Outline
27 WelcomeServlet specifies compiled servlet’s
28 </servlet-class> fully qualified class name.
29 </servlet> web.xml
30
31 <!-- Servlet mappings -->
Element servlet-mappingLines 26-28
32 <servlet-mapping>
33 <servlet-name>welcome1</servlet-name>
specifies servlet-name and
34 <url-pattern>/welcome1</url-pattern> url-pattern elements. Lines 32-35
35 </servlet-mapping>
36
37 </web-app>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

• Invoke WelcomeServlet example

– /jhtp5/welcome1
• /jhtp5 specifies the context root
• /welcome1 specifies the URL pattern
• URL pattern formats
– Exact match
• /jhtp5/welcome1
– Path mappings
• /jhtp5/example/*
– Extension mappings
• *.jsp
– Default servlet
• /
 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 24.3.2 Deploying a Web Application (Cont.)

WelcomeServlet Web application directory and file structure

jhtp5
servlets
WelcomeServlet.html
WEB-INF
web.xml
classes
WelcomeServlet.class
Fig. 24.10 Web application directory and file structure for
WelcomeServlet.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.4 Handling HTTP get Requests
Containing Data
• Servlet WelcomeServlet2
– Responds to a get request that contains data

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 24.11: WelcomeServlet2.java Outline
2 // Processing HTTP get requests containing data.
3
4 import javax.servlet.*; WelcomeServlet2
5 import javax.servlet.http.*; responds to a
6 import java.io.*; get request
7 that contains
8 public class WelcomeServlet2 extends HttpServlet {
data.
9
10 // process "get" request from client
11 protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request,
Line 15
12 HttpServletResponse response )
13 throws ServletException, IOException
14 {
The request object’s
15 String firstName = request.getParameter( "firstname" );
getParameter
16
17 response.setContentType( "text/html" ); method receives the
18 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); parameter name and
19 returns the
20 // send XHTML document to client corresponding String
21 value.
22 // start XHTML document
23 out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
24

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
25 out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + Outline
26 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" +
27 "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );
28 WelcomeServlet2
29 out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" );
responds to a
30
31 // head section of document get request
32 out.println( "<head>" ); that contains
33 out.println( data.
34 "<title>Processing get requests with data</title>" );
35 out.println( "</head>" );
36
Line 39
37 // body section of document
38 out.println( "<body>" );
39 out.println( "<h1>Hello " + firstName + ",<br />" );
Uses the result of line
40 out.println( "Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" ); 16 as part of the
41 out.println( "</body>" ); response to the client.
42
43 // end XHTML document
44 out.println( "</html>" );
45 out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
46 }
47 }

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Outline
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4 HTML document
5 <!-- Fig. 24.12: WelcomeServlet2.html --> in which the
6 form’s action
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> invokes
8 <head>
WelcomeServlet2
9 <title>Processing get requests with data</title>
through the
10 </head>
11
alias welcome2
12 <body> specified in
13 <form action = "/jhtp5/welcome2" method = "get"> web.xml.
14
15 <p><label> Line 17
16 Type your first name and press the Submit button
Get the first name
17 <br /><input type = "text" name = "firstname" />
18 <input type = "submit" value = "Submit" />
from the user.
19 </p></label>
20
21 </form>
22 </body>
23 </html>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

HTML document
in which the
form’s action
invokes
WelcomeServlet2
through the
alias welcome2
specified in
web.xml.

Program output

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.4 Handling HTTP get Requests
Containing Data (Cont.)
Descriptor element Value
servlet element
servlet-name welcome2
description Handling HTTP get requests with data.
servlet-class WelcomeServlet2
servlet-
mapping element
servlet-name welcome2
url-pattern /welcome2
Fig. 24.13 Deployment descriptor information for servlet
WelcomeServlet2.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.5 Handling HTTP post Requests

• HTTP post request

– Post data from an HTML form to a server-side form handler
– Browsers cache Web pages
• Servlet WelcomeServlet3
– Responds to a post request that contains data

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 24.14: WelcomeServlet3.java Outline
2 // Processing post requests containing data.
3
4 import javax.servlet.*; WelcomeServlet3
5 import javax.servlet.http.*; responds to a
6 import java.io.*; post request
7 that contains
8 public class WelcomeServlet3 extends HttpServlet {
data.
9
10 // process "post" request from client
11 protected void doPost( HttpServletRequest request,
Linesmethod
Declare a doPost 11-46
12 HttpServletResponse response ) to responds to post requests.
13 throws ServletException, IOException
14 {
15 String firstName = request.getParameter( "firstname" );
16
17 response.setContentType( "text/html" );
18 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
19
20 // send XHTML page to client
21
22 // start XHTML document
23 out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
24

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
25 out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + Outline
26 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" +
27 "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );
28 WelcomeServlet3
29 out.println( "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" );
.java
30
31 // head section of document
32 out.println( "<head>" );
33 out.println(
34 "<title>Processing post requests with data</title>" );
35 out.println( "</head>" );
36
37 // body section of document
38 out.println( "<body>" );
39 out.println( "<h1>Hello " + firstName + ",<br />" );
40 out.println( "Welcome to Servlets!</h1>" );
41 out.println( "</body>" );
42
43 // end XHTML document
44 out.println( "</html>" );
45 out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
46 }
47 }

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Outline
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4 HTML document
5 <!-- Fig. 24.15: WelcomeServlet3.html --> in which the
6 form’s action
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> invokes
8 <head>
WelcomeServlet3
9 <title>Handling an HTTP Post Request with Data</title>
through the
10 </head>
11
alias welcome3
12 <body> specified in
13 <form action = "/jhtp5/welcome3" method = "post"> Provide a form in which the
web.xml.
14 user can input a name in the
15 <p><label> text input element
Lines 13-21
16 Type your first name and press the Submit button firstname, then click the
17 <br /><input type = "text" name = "firstname" /> Submit button to invoke
18 <input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /> WelcomeServlet3.
19 </label></p>
20
21 </form>
22 </body>
23 </html>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

HTML document
in which the
form’s action
invokes
WelcomeServlet3
through the
alias welcome3
specified in
web.xml.

Program output

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.5 Handling HTTP post Requests (Cont.)

Descriptor Value
element
servlet element
servlet-name welcome3
description Handling HTTP post requests with
data.
servlet-class WelcomeServlet3
servlet-
mapping element
servlet-name welcome3
url-pattern /welcome3
Fig. 24.16 Deployment descriptor information for servlet
WelcomeServlet3.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.6 Redirecting Requests to Other
Resources
• Servlet RedirectServlet
– Redirects the request to a different resource

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 24.17: RedirectServlet.java Outline
2 // Redirecting a user to a different Web page.
3
4 import javax.servlet.*; RedirectServlet
5 import javax.servlet.http.*; redirecting
6 import java.io.*; requests to
7 other
8 public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
resources.
9
10 // process "get" request from client
11 protected void doGet( HttpServletRequest request,
Line 15
12 HttpServletResponse response )
13 throws ServletException, IOException Lines 19-23
14 {
Obtains the page
15 String location = request.getParameter( "page" ); Line 20
16
parameter from the request.
17 if ( location != null ) Line 23
18 Determine if the value is either
19 if ( location.equals( "deitel" ) )
“deitel” or “welcome1”
Redirects
Linesthe request
29-56to
20 response.sendRedirect( "http://www.deitel.com" );
www.deitel.com.
21 else
22 if ( location.equals( "welcome1" ) )
Redirects the request to the
23 response.sendRedirect( "welcome1" );
servlet WelcomeServlet.
24

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
25 // code that executes only if this servlet Outline
26 // does not redirect the user to another page
27 Output a Web page indicating that an
28 response.setContentType( "text/html" ); RedirectServlet
invalid request was made if method
29 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); redirecting
sendRedirect is not called.
30 requests to
31 // start XHTML document other
32 out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
resources.
33
34 out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " +
35 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" +
Lines 28-55
36 "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" );
37
38 out.println(
39 "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" );
40
41 // head section of document
42 out.println( "<head>" );
43 out.println( "<title>Invalid page</title>" );
44 out.println( "</head>" );
45
46 // body section of document
47 out.println( "<body>" );
48 out.println( "<h1>Invalid page requested</h1>" );

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
49 out.println( "<p><a href = " + Outline
50 "\"servlets/RedirectServlet.html\">" );
51 out.println( "Click here to choose again</a></p>" );
52 out.println( "</body>" ); RedirectServlet
53 redirecting
54 // end XHTML document requests to
55 out.println( "</html>" ); other
56 out.close(); // close stream to complete the page
resources.
57 }
58 }

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Outline
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4 RedirectServlet
5 <!-- Fig. 24.18: RedirectServlet.html --> .html document
6 to demonstrate
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> redirecting
8 <head>
requests to
9 <title>Redirecting a Request to Another Site</title>
other
10 </head>
11
resources.
12 <body>
13 <p>Click a link to be redirected to the appropriate page</p> Lines 15-16
14 <p>
15 <a href = "/jhtp5/redirect?page=deitel"> Provide hyperlinks that allow
Lines 17-18
16 www.deitel.com</a><br /> the user to invoke the servlet
17 <a href = "/jhtp5/redirect?page=welcome1"> RedirectServlet.
18 Welcome servlet</a>
19 </p>
20 </body>
21 </html>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

RedirectServlet
.html document
to demonstrate
redirecting
requests to
other
resources.

Program output

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.6 Redirecting Requests to other
Resources (Cont.)
Descriptor Value
element
servlet
element
servlet- redirect
name
description Redirecting to static Web pages and other
servlets.
servlet- com.deitel.jhtp5.servlets.RedirectServlet
class
servlet-
mapping
element
servlet- redirect
name
url-pattern /redirect
Fig. 24.19 Deployment descriptor information for servlet
RedirectServlet.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC
from a Servlet
• Three-tier distributed applications
– User interface
– Business logic
– Database access
• Web servers often represent the middle tier
• Three-tier distributed application example
– SurveyServlet
– Survey.html
– Cloudscape database

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 // Fig. 24.20: SurveyServlet.java Outline
2 // A Web-based survey that uses JDBC from a servlet.
3 package com.deitel.jhtp5.servlets;
4 SurveyServlet.j
5 import java.io.*; ava
6 import java.text.*; Multi-tier Web-
7 import java.sql.*; based survey
8 import javax.servlet.*;
using XHTML,
9 import javax.servlet.http.*;
servlets and
10
11 public class SurveyServlet extends HttpServlet {
JDBC.
12 private Connection connection;
Servlets are initialized by
13 private Statement statement; Lines 16-38
overriding method init.
14
15 // set up database connection and create SQL statement Lines 20-21
16 public void init( ServletConfig config ) throws ServletException
17 { Line 23
18 // attempt database connection and create Statements
19 try { Specify database
Lineslocation
24-25
20 System.setProperty( "db2j.system.home",
21 config.getInitParameter( "databaseLocation" ) );
22 Lines 27-31
Loads the
23 Class.forName( config.getInitParameter( "databaseDriver" ) );
database
Attempt to open driver. to
a connection
24 connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
25 config.getInitParameter( "databaseName" ) ); the animalsurvey database.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
26 Outline
27 // create Statement to query database Create Statement to
28 statement = connection.createStatement();
query database.
29 } SurveyServlet.j
30 ava
31 // for any exception throw an UnavailableException to Multi-tier Web-
32 // indicate that the servlet is not currently available based survey
33 catch ( Exception exception ) {
using XHTML,
34 exception.printStackTrace();
servlets and
35 throw new UnavailableException(exception.getMessage());
36 }
JDBC.
37
38 } // end of init method Line 28
39
40 // process survey response
41 protected void doPost( HttpServletRequest request,
42 HttpServletResponse response )
43 throws ServletException, IOException
44 {
45 // set up response to client
46 response.setContentType( "text/html" );
47 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
48 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
49

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
50 // start XHTML document Outline
51 out.println( "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" );
52
53 out.println( "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD " + SurveyServlet.j
54 "XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org" + ava
55 "/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">" ); Multi-tier Web-
56 based survey
57 out.println(
using XHTML,
58 "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" );
servlets and
59
60 // head section of document
JDBC.
61 out.println( "<head>" );
62 Lines 64-65
63 // read current survey response
64 int value = Obtain theLines
survey 72-73
65 Integer.parseInt( request.getParameter( "animal" ) ); response
66 String query; Line 74
67
68 // attempt to process a vote and display current results
69 try {
70
71 // update total for current surevy response
72 query = "UPDATE surveyresults SET votes = votes + 1 " + Create query to update total
73 "WHERE id = " + value;
Execute query for currenttotal
to update survey response
74 statement.executeUpdate( query );
75
for current survey response

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
76 // get total of all survey responses Create query to getOutline
total of all
77 query = "SELECT sum( votes ) FROM surveyresults";
Execute
survey query to get total of
responses
78 ResultSet totalRS = statement.executeQuery( query );
all survey responses
79 totalRS.next(); SurveyServlet.j
80 int total = totalRS.getInt( 1 );
ava
81
82 // get results Multi-tier Web-
83 query = "SELECT surveyoption, votes, id FROM surveyresults " + based survey
Create query to get
84 "ORDER BY id"; using XHTML,
85 ResultSet resultsRS = statement.executeQuery( query ); Execute
surveyquery to get
results
servlets and
86 out.println( "<title>Thank you!</title>" ); survey results
87 out.println( "</head>" );
JDBC.
88
89 out.println( "<body>" ); Line 77
90 out.println( "<p>Thank you for participating." );
91 out.println( "<br />Results:</p><pre>" );
Line 78
92
93 // process results
94 int votes; Lines 83-84
95
96 while ( resultsRS.next() ) { Line 85
97 out.print( resultsRS.getString( 1 ) );
98 out.print( ": " );
99 votes = resultsRS.getInt( 2 );
100 out.print( twoDigits.format(
101 ( double ) votes / total * 100 ) );
102 out.print( "% responses: " );
103 out.println( votes );
104 }

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
105 Outline
106 resultsRS.close();
107
108 out.print( "Total responses: " ); SurveyServlet.j
109 out.print( total ); ava
110 Multi-tier Web-
111 // end XHTML document based survey
112 out.println( "</pre></body></html>" );
using XHTML,
113 out.close();
servlets and
114
115 } // end try
JDBC.
116
117 // if database exception occurs, return error page
118 catch ( SQLException sqlException ) {
119 sqlException.printStackTrace();
120 out.println( "<title>Error</title>" );
121 out.println( "</head>" );
122 out.println( "<body><p>Database error occurred. " );
123 out.println( "Try again later.</p></body></html>" );
124 out.close();
125 }
126
127 } // end of doPost method
128

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
129 // close SQL statements and database when servlet terminates
Method destroy closes
Outline
130 public void destroy()
131 { Statement and
132 // attempt to close statementsdatabase connection.
and database connection SurveyServlet.j
133 try { ava
134 statement.close(); Multi-tier Web-
135 connection.close(); based survey
136 }
using XHTML,
137
servlets and
138 // handle database exceptions by returning error to client
139 catch ( SQLException sqlException ) {
JDBC.
140 sqlException.printStackTrace();
141 } Lines 130-136
142 }
143
144 } // end class SurveyServlet

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?> Outline
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
4 Survey.html
5 <!-- Fig. 24.21: Survey.html --> document that
6 allows users to
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> submit survey
8 <head>
responses to
9 <title>Survey</title>
SurveyServlet.
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13 <form method = "post" action = "/jhtp5/animalsurvey">
14
15 <p>What is your favorite pet?</p>
16

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
17 <p> Outline
18 <input type = "radio" name = "animal"
19 value = "1" />Dog<br />
20 <input type = "radio" name = "animal" Survey.html
21 value = "2" />Cat<br /> document that
22 <input type = "radio" name = "animal" allows users to
23 value = "3" />Bird<br /> submit survey
24 <input type = "radio" name = "animal"
responses to
25 value = "4" />Snake<br />
SurveyServlet.
26 <input type = "radio" name = "animal"
27 value = "5" checked = "checked" />None
28 </p>
29
30 <p><input type = "submit" value = "Submit" /></p>
31
32 </form>
33 </body>
34 </html>

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 Outline

Survey.html
document that
allows users to
submit survey
responses to
SurveyServlet.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 24.7 Multi-Tier Applications: Using JDBC
from a Servlet (Cont.)
Descriptor element Value
servlet element
servlet-name animalsurvey
description Connecting to a database from a
servlet.
servlet-class com.deitel.jhtp5.servlets.SurveyServlet
init-param
param-name databaseLocation
param-value C:/CloudScape_5.0
init-param
param-name databaseDriver
param-value com.ibm.db2j.jdbc.DB2jDriver
init-param
param-name databaseName
param-value jdbc:db2j:animalsurvey
servlet-mapping element
servlet-name animalsurvey
url-pattern /animalsurvey
Fig. 24.22 Deployment descriptor information for servlet SurveyServlet.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 24.8 Internet and World Wide Web
Resources
• Servlet resources
– java.sun.com/products/servlet/index.html
– www.servlets.com
– www.servletsource.com
– www.servletforum.com
– www.coolservlets.com

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.