C++ PROGRAMMING

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SOME PARTS OF THE PROGRAM
Comments - a type of program documentation

// indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment

/* comments can also look like this */

/* also
like
this
*/

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SOME PARTS OF THE PROGRAM
#include <iostream> - a preprocessor directive

Tells the pre-processor to include in the program the contents of the I/O stream
header file called iostream.h . This allows us to use standard stream input
and output objects like cout (displays to the screen).

As you can see, we need to also code the using namespace std; statement.
For now, let’s just say that this is so that we don’t have to use ugly prefixes on
cout, like std::cout.

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SOME PARTS OF THE PROGRAM
int main( ) - main function header
Every C++ program has at least one function, called main. And there is ONLY
ONE main. Program execution begins with the first statement in main.

{ brackets to denote the body of the function }

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SOME PARTS OF THE PROGRAM
; statement terminator

 Every C++ statement must end with a semicolon.

<< stream insertion operator

 Expression to the right of the operator is inserted (sent) to the cout object (the
display screen or console window).

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SOME PARTS OF THE PROGRAM
\n newline escape sequence
 The backslash is an escape character. The character following it takes on a
different meaning, e.g.:
\t - tab
\a - alert; ring bell
\\ - prints a backslash
\” - prints a double quotation mark

return - exits from the function

 In this case control over execution is transferred back to the operating system.

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
The built-in arithmetic operations are
 Addition +
 Subtraction 
 Multiplication *
 Division / (is integer division if operators are integers)
 Modulus % (remainder)

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
e.g., if the value of

is to be assigned to variable x, it is coded:

x = b + c - d * e / f;
Parentheses may be used. These are evaluated first. e.g.,
x = (b + c - d)* e / f; is evaluated as:

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ORDER OF OPERATIONS
1. ( )
2. * / %
3. + -
4. left to right

Example. What is the order of operations in the following expression?

z= p*r%q+w/x-y;
Z = P * R % Q + W / X - Y ;

6 1 2 4 3 5

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ASSIGNMENT
We will usually see an assignment operation in this format:
<variable> = <expression>

An expression is a combination of operators and operands. For example,

c = c + 3;

or

average = sum / count;

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INCREMENT / DECREMENT OPERATORS
a++; is the same as a = a + 1; and also the same as ++a;
a; is the same as a = a  1; and also the same as a;

a++ postincrement
++a preincrement
a postdecrement
a predecrement

These are unary operators. They operate on only a single operand. The
operators we are more familiar with are binary operands; they operate on two
operands, much like the + operator in the expression a+b.
 The degree of an operator refers to the number of operands it takes.

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INCREMENT / DECREMENT OPERATORS
Example:

int c;
c = 5;
cout << c << endl; // outputs 5
cout << c++ << endl; // outputs 5 (then increments)
cout << c << endl << endl; // outputs 6
c = 5;
cout << c << endl; // outputs 5
cout << ++c << endl; // outputs 6 (after incrementing)
cout << c << endl; // outputs 6

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FUNCTIONS IN THE MATH LIBRARY
To use these built-in functions we need to include the <math.h> header file

function what it does returned value

abs(a) absolute value of a same data type as argument
pow(a1,a2) a1 raised to the power of a2 data type of argument a1
sqrt(a) square root of a same data type as argument
sin(a) sine of a (a in radians) double
cos(a) cosine double
tan(a) tangent double
log(a) natural logarithm of a double
log10(a) base 10 log of a double
exp(a) e raised to the power of a double

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INTEGERS, DOUBLES AND FLOATS
 Each variable or constant in C++ must have a type (e. g. int double
or float)
 Whole numbers with no fractional parts are integers, type int.
 Floating point numbers, numbers with fractional points (even
when the fractional part is 0) are type float or type double

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C++ ENDL
 Consider the output window (the window in which the output from
your program, and the input from your keyboard is displayed.)
 When your code executes the instruction

cout << endl;

The cursor in the output window is moved to

the beginning of the next line

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C++: MOVING TO A NEW OUTPUT LINE
 C++ style: endl
 C++ can also use C style: "\n"
 escape sequence for the char "newline“

cout << "Hello World" << endl;

cout << "Hello World\n";

 In C++ both the statements print string

"Hello World" to display, then move to next line

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C++ OUTPUT WINDOW OUTPUT
 What can you print to your computer’s output window using the
insertion operator <<?

string name=“John”;
const double scale_factor = 2.2;
cout << scale_factor // Prints 2.2, the value of constant scale_factor
cout << name; // Prints John, the name stored in variable name
cout << “This is a string literal”; // Prints This is a string literal

Each cout above prints the value of one variable or constant

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 C++ OUTPUT WINDOW OUTPUT
 You can print the values of more than one variable or constant in a single
cout statement

cout << “the number of games was ” << numGames << endl
<< “our team won “ << numWin << “ games” << endl;

 Given that the variables have the values

 numGames = 23 and numWin = 15

 This single cout statement prints

the number of games was 23
our team won 15 games
to the output window

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INPUT USING CIN
 Differences:
 ">>" (extraction operator) points opposite
 Think of it as "pointing toward where the data goes"
 Object name "cin" used instead of "cout"
 No literals allowed for cin
 Must input "to a variable"
 cin >> num;
 Waits on-screen for keyboard entry
 Value entered at keyboard is "assigned" to num

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PROMPTING FOR INPUT:
 When using console output and keyboard input always "prompt"
user for input

cout << "Enter number of dragons: ";

cin >> numOfDragons;

 No endl in cout means that the prompt "waits" on same line for
keyboard input as follows:
Enter number of dragons:

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A FIRST PROGRAM - GREETING.CPP

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