Chapters 1 & 2

Programming and Programs

Bjarne Stroustrup
www.stroustrup.com/Programming
 Abstract

Today, we’ll outline the aims for this course and

present a rough course plan. We’ll introduce
the basic notion of programming and give
examples of areas in which software is critical
to our civilization. Finally, we’ll present the
simplest possible C++ program and outline
how it can be made into running code.

Stroustrup/Programming 2
 Overview

 Course aims and outline

 Programming
 “Hello, world!”
 Compilation

Stroustrup/Programming 3
 This is a course
 In Programming
 For beginners
 who want to become professionals
 i.e., people who can produce systems that others will use
 who are assumed to be bright
 Though not (necessarily) geniuses
 who are willing to work hard
 Though do need sleep occasionally, and take a normal course load
 Using the C++ programming language

Stroustrup/Programming 4
 Not!
 A Washout course
 “if you can get into the science/engineering parts of a university, you
can handle this course”
 A course in
 The C++ programming language
 For students
 who want to become language lawyers
 We try not to get bogged down in technical obscurities
 who are assumed to be a bit dim and fairly lazy
 We try not to spoon feed
 Using
 Some untested software development methodologies and a lot of
unnecessarily long words

Stroustrup/Programming 5
 The Aims
 Teach/learn
 Fundamental programming concepts
 Key useful techniques
 Basic Standard C++ facilities
 After the course, you’ll be able to
 Write small colloquial C++ programs
 Read much larger programs
 Learn the basics of many other languages by yourself
 Proceed with an “advanced” C++ programming course
 After the course, you will not (yet) be
 An expert programmer
 A C++ language expert
 An expert user of advanced libraries
Stroustrup/Programming 6
 The Means
 Lectures
 Attend every one
 Notes/Chapters
 Read a chapter ahead (about one per lecture)
 Read the chapter again after each lecture
 Feedback is welcome (typos, suggestions, etc.)

Stroustrup/Programming 7
 The Means (Cont.)
 Work
 Review questions in chapters
 Review “Terms” in Chapters
 Drills
 Always do the drills
 Always do the drills before the exercises

 Exercises
 Course specific
 Projects
 That’s where the most fun and the best learning takes place
 Quizzes
 Exams
Stroustrup/Programming 8
 Cooperate on Learning
 Except for the work you hand in as individual contributions,
we strongly encourage you to collaborate and help each other
 If in doubt if a collaboration is legitimate: ask!
 Don’t claim to have written code that you copied from others
 Don’t give anyone else your code (to hand in for a grade)
 When you rely on the work of others, explicitly list all of your sources –
i.e. give credit to those who did the work
 Don’t study alone when you don’t have to
 Form study groups
 Do help each other (without plagiarizing)
 Go to your TA's office hours
 Go prepared with questions
 The only stupid questions are the ones you wanted to ask but didn’t

Stroustrup/Programming 9
 Why C++ ?
 You can’t learn to program without a programming language
 The purpose of a programming language is to allow you to
express your ideas in code
 C++ is the language that most directly allows you to express
ideas from the largest number of application areas
 C++ is the most widely used language in engineering areas
 http://www.research.att.com/~bs/applications.html

Stroustrup/Programming 10
 Why C++ ?
 C++ is precisely and comprehensively defined by
an ISO standard
 And that standard is almost universally accepted
 C++ is available on almost all kinds of computers
 Programming concepts that you learn using C++
can be used fairly directly in other languages
 Including C, Java, C#, and (less directly) Fortran

Stroustrup/Programming 11
 Rough course outline
 Part I: The basics
 Types, variables, strings, console I/O, computations, errors, vectors functions,
source files, classes
 Part II: Input and Output
 File I/O, I/O streams
 Graphical output
 Graphical User Interface
 Part III: Data structures and algorithms
 Free store, pointers, and arrays
 Lists, maps, sorting and searching, vectors, templates
 The STL
 Part IV: Broadening the view
 Software ideals and history
 Text processing, numerics, embedded systems programming, testing, C, etc.

Stroustrup/Programming 12
 Rough course outline (Cont.)
 Throughout
 Program design and development techniques
 C++ language features
 Background and related fields, topics, and languages
 Note: Appendices
 C++ language summary
 C++ standard library summary
 Index (extensive)
 Glossary (short)

Stroustrup/Programming 13
 Promises
 Detail: We will try to explain every construct used in this
course in sufficient detail for real understanding
 There is no “magic”
 Utility: We will try to explain only useful concepts, constructs,
and techniques
 We will not try to explain every obscure detail
 Completeness: The concepts, constructs, and techniques can
be used in combination to construct useful programs
 There are, of course, many useful concepts, constructs, and techniques
beyond what is taught here

Stroustrup/Programming 14
 More Promises
 Realism: the concepts, constructs, and techniques can be used
to build “industrial strength” programs
 i.e., they have been used to …
 Simplicity: The examples used are among the simplest
realistic ones that illustrate the concepts, constructs, and
techniques
 Your exercises and projects will provide more complex examples
 Scalability: The concepts, constructs, and techniques can be
used to construct large, reliable, and efficient programs
 i.e., they have been used to …

Stroustrup/Programming 15
 Feedback request

 Please mail questions and constructive comments to

your_teacher@your_institution

 Your feedback will be most appreciated

 On style, contents, detail, examples, clarity, conceptual problems,
exercises, missing information, depth, etc.

 Book support website (www.stroustrup.com/Programming)

 Local course support website

Stroustrup/Programming 16
 Why programming?
 Our civilization runs on software
 Most engineering activities involve software

 Note: most programs do not run on things that look

like a PC
 a screen, a keyboard, a box under the table

Stroustrup/Programming 17
 Ships

 Monitoring
 Design
 Engine
 Construction  Hull design
 Management  Pumps

Stroustrup/Programming 18
 Aircraft

 Communication  Signal processing

 Control  “Gadget” control
 Display  Monitoring

Stroustrup/Programming 19
 Phones

 Voice quality  Switching

 User interfaces  Reliability
 Billing  Provisioning
 Mobility  Images
Stroustrup/Programming 20
 Energy

 Control  Communications
 Monitoring  Visualization
 Analysis  Manufacturing
 Design
Stroustrup/Programming 21
 PC/workstation

 There’s a lot more to computing than games, word

processing, browsing, and spreadsheets!

Stroustrup/Programming 22
 Where is C++ Used?
 Just about everywhere

Mars rovers, animation, graphics, Photoshop, GUI, OS, compilers, slides,

chip design, chip manufacturing, semiconductor tools, etc.

See www.research.att/~bs/applications.html
Stroustrup/Programming 23
 A first program – just the guts…
// …

int main() // main() is where a C++ program starts

{
cout << "Hello, world!\n"; // output the 13 characters Hello, world!
// followed by a new line
return 0; // return a value indicating success
}

// quotes delimit a string literal

// NOTE: “smart” quotes “ ” will cause compiler problems.
// so make sure your quotes are of the style " "
// \n is a notation for a new line

Stroustrup/Programming 24
 A first program – complete
// a first program:

#include "../../std_lib_facilities.h" // get the library facilities needed for now

int main() // main() is where a C++ program starts

{
cout << "Hello, world!\n"; // output the 13 characters Hello, world!
// followed by a new line
return 0; // return a value indicating success
}

// note the semicolons; they terminate statements

// curly brackets { … } group statements into a block
// main( ) is a function that takes no arguments ( )
// and returns an int (integer value) to indicate success or failure
Stroustrup/Programming 25
 A second program
// modified for Windows console mode:

#include "../../std_lib_facilities.h" // get the facilities for this course

int main() // main() is where a C++ program starts

{
cout << "Hello, world\n"; // output the 13 characters hello, world!
// followed by a new line
keep_window_open(); // wait for a keystroke
return 0; // return a value indicating success
}

// without keep_window_open() the output window will be closed immediately

// before you have a chance to read the output (on Visual C++ 2003)

Stroustrup/Programming 26
 Hello, world!
 “Hello world” is a very important program
 Its purpose is to help you get used to your tools
 Compiler
 Program development environment
 Program execution environment
 Type in the program carefully
 After you get it to work, please make a few mistakes to see how the
tools respond; for example
 Forget the header
 Forget to terminate the string
 Misspell return (e.g. retrun)
 Forget a semicolon
 Forget { or }
 …

Stroustrup/Programming 27
 Hello world
 It’s almost all “boiler plate”
 Only cout << "Hello, world!\n" directly does anything
 That’s normal
 Most of our code, and most of the systems we use simply exist to make
some other code elegant and/or efficient
 “real world” non-software analogies abound
 “Boiler plate,” that is, notation, libraries, and other support is
what makes our code simple, comprehensible, trustworthy,
and efficient.
 Would you rather write 1,000,000 lines of machine code?
 This implies that we should not just “get things done”; we
should take great care that things are done elegantly, correctly,
and in ways that ease the creation of more/other software:
Style Matters!
Stroustrup/Programming 28
 Compilation and linking
C++ source code
C++ compiler
Object code

Executable program
linker
Library Object code
 You write C++ source code
 Source code is (in principle) human readable
 The compiler translates what you wrote into object code (sometimes called
machine code)
 Object code is simple enough for a computer to “understand”
 The linker links your code to system code needed to execute
 E.g. input/output libraries, operating system code, and windowing code
 The result is an executable program
 E.g. a .exe file on windows or an a.out file on Unix

Stroustrup/Programming 29
 So what is programming?
 Conventional definitions
 Telling a very fast moron exactly what to do
 A plan for solving a problem on a computer
 Specifying the order of a program execution
 But modern programs often involve millions of lines of code
 And manipulation of data is central
 Definition from another domain (academia)
 A … program is an organized and directed accumulation of resources
to accomplish specific … objectives …
 Good, but no mention of actually doing anything
 The definition we’ll use
 Specifying the structure and behavior of a program, and testing that the
program performs its task correctly and with acceptable performance
 Never forget to check that “it” works
 Software == one or more programs
Stroustrup/Programming 30
 Programming
 Programming is fundamentally simple
 Just state what the machine is to do
 So why is programming hard?
 We want “the machine” to do complex things
 And computers are nitpicking, unforgiving, dumb beasts
 The world is more complex than we’d like to believe
 So we don’t always know the implications of what we want
 “Programming is understanding”
 When you can program a task, you understand it
 When you program, you spend significant time trying to understand the
task you want to automate
 Programming is part practical, part theory
 If you are just practical, you produce non-scalable unmaintainable hacks
 If you are just theoretical, you produce toys

Stroustrup/Programming 31
 The next lecture
 Will talk about types, values, variables,
declarations, simple input and output, very
simple computations, and type safety.

Stroustrup/Programming 32