OBJECT-ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING

DR NOOR AZAH SAMSUDIN

[email protected]
FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITI
TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA (UTHM)
 Objectives
• Lecture 1.1
• Class
• Constructors
• Data fields
• UML notation
CLASS
 Object
• object
• An entity in the real world that can be
distinctly identified.
• A student, a desk, a circle, a button, and
even a loan can all be viewed as objects.
• has a unique identity, state, and
behaviors.
• State = a set of data fields (also known
as properties) with their current values.
• Behavior = a set of methods
 Class vs.
Object
• Classes are constructs that define
objects of the same type

Class Name: Circle A class template

Data Fields:
radius is _______

Methods:
getArea

Circle Object 1 Circle Object 2 Circle Object 3 Three objects of

the Circle class
Data Fields: Data Fields: Data Fields:
radius is 10 radius is 25 radius is 125
 Class
Example
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field

/** Construct a circle object */

Circle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}
UML
 UML Notation
• UML class diagram

UML Class Diagram Circle Class name

radius: double Data fields

Circle() Constructors and

Circle(newRadius: double) methods
getArea(): double

circle2: Circle circle3: Circle UML notation

circle1: Circle
for objects
radius = 1.0 radius = 25 radius = 125
CONSTRUCTOR
 Constructor
• Constructors are a special kind of
methods that are invoked to construct
objects.
Circle() Constructor
{ with no
} argument

Circle(double newRadius)
Constructor
{
with
radius = newRadius; argument
}
 Constructor
• Constructors must have the same name
as the class itself.
• Constructors do not have a return type—
not even void.
• Constructors are invoked using the new
operator when an object is created.
• Constructors play the role of initializing
objects.
 Constructor
• Creating objects using constructors

new ClassName();

new Circle();

new Circle(5.0);
 Constructor
• A class may be declared without
constructors.
• In this case, a no-arg constructor with an
empty body is implicitly declared in the
class.
• This constructor, called a default
constructor, is provided automatically
only if no constructors are explicitly
declared in the class.
 Creating
Objects
• Declaring & creating objects in a single
step
Circle myCircle = new Circle();

declare create

• Two steps
//step 1: declare
Circle myCircle;
//step 2: create
myCircle = new Circle();
 ACCESSING DATA
FIELDS & METHODS
 Access

• Referencing the object’s data fields:

myCircle.radius

• Invoking the object’s method:

myCircle.getArea()
 Data Fields

• The data fields can be of reference

types
• Example: name data field is of type
String
public class Student {
String name; // name has default value null
int age; // age has default value 0
boolean isScienceMajor; // has default value false
char gender; // c has default value '\u0000‘

//methods …
}
 null

• If a data field of a reference type does

not reference any object, the data field
holds a special literal value: null.
 Default Values

• The default value of a data field is

• null for a reference type
• 0 for a numeric type
• false for a boolean type
• '\u0000' for a char type
• However, Java assigns no default value
to a local variable inside a method.
 Default Values

• Java assigns no default value to a local

variable inside a method.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
}
}

Compilation error:
variables not initialized
 Copying

• Primitive type copy

Primitive type assignment i = j

Before: After:

i 1 i 2

j 2 j 2
 Copying

• Reference type copy

Object type assignment c1 = c2

Before: After:

c1 c1

c2 c2

c1: Circle c2: Circle c1: Circle c2: Circle

radius = 5 radius = 9 radius = 5 radius = 9
 Garbage
Collector
• As shown in the previous figure, after
the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1
points to the same object referenced by
c2.
• The object previously referenced by c1
is no longer referenced.
• This object is known as garbage.
• Garbage is automatically collected by
JVM.
 Garbage
Collector
• TIP: If you know that an object is no
longer needed, you can explicitly
assign null to a reference variable for
the object.
• The JVM will automatically collect the
space if the object is not referenced by
any variable.
 Accessibility

1. Package access (default in Java)

• The class, variable, or method can be
accessed by any class in the same package.

2. public
• The class, data, or method is visible to any
class in any package.

3. private
• The data or methods can be accessed only
by the declaring class.
 Accessibility
Example

• Access C1 methods & fields from C2/C3?

Package 1 Package 2
public class C2 {
public class C1 { public class C3 {
void aMethod() {
public int x; void aMethod() {
C1 o = new C1();
int y; C1 o = new C1();
}
private int z; }
}
}
public void m1()
{..}
void m2() {..}
private void m3()
{..}
}
 Accessibility
Example

Package 1 Package 2
public class C2 {
public class C1 { public class C3 {
void aMethod() {
public int x; void aMethod() {
C1 o = new C1();
int y; C1 o = new C1();
//can access o.x;
private int z; //can access o.x;
//can access o.y;
//cannot access
//cannot access
public void m1() //o.y;
//o.z;
{..} //cannot access
//can invoke
void m2() {..} //o.z;
//o.m1();
private void m3() //can invoke
//can invoke o.m2()
{..} //o.m1();
//cannot invoke
} //cannot invoke
//o.m3();
//o.m2();
}
//cannot invoke
}
//o.m3();
}
}
 Accessibility
Example
• Which classes can access C1?

Package 1 Package 2
public class C2 {
class C1 { public class C3 {
//can access C1?
… //can access C1?
}
} //can access C2?
}
 Accessibility
Example
• Which classes can access C1?

Package 1 Package 2
public class C2 {
class C1 { public class C3 {
//can access C1
… //cannot access C1
}
} //can access C2
}
 Accessibility
Summary

• The private modifier restricts access to within a

class
• The default modifier restricts access to within a
package
• The public modifier enables unrestricted
access.
 Accessibility

• Example:
public class Foo {

private boolean x;

public void test()

{
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(convert()); OK
}

private int convert(boolean b)

{
return x ? 1 : -1;
}
}
 Accessibility

• Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
Foo foo = new Foo();
Error
System.out.println(foo.x);
!
System.out.println(foo.convert(foo.x));
}
}
• Because x and convert are private members
 Why Private?

• To protect data.

• To make class easy to maintain.

 get/set

• The get and set methods are used to

read and modify private properties.
• Data encapsulation

Circle
-radius: double The radius of this circle (default: 1.0).
-numberOfObjects: int The number of circle objects created.
The - sign
indicates +Circle() Constructs a default circle object.
private +Circle(radius: double) Constructs a circle object with the specified radius.
modifier +getRadius(): double Returns the radius of this circle.
+setRadius(radius: double): void Sets a new radius for this circle.
+getNumberOfObject(): int Returns the number of circle objects created.
+getArea(): double Returns the area of this circle.
 Program

• Data encapsulation – demo example

 Program

• Passing by value for primitive type value

(the value is passed to the parameter)
• Passing by value for reference type
value (the value is the reference to the
object)
ARRAY OF OBJECTS
 Array of Objects

• An array of objects is actually an array of

reference variables.
• So invoking circleArray[1].getArea()
involves two levels of referencing.
• circleArray references to the entire array.
• circleArray[1] references to a Circle
object.

Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

 Array of Objects

Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

circleArray reference circleArray[0] Circle object 0

circleArray[1]

… Circle object 1

circleArray[9] Circle object 9