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L2 C3 C4 Computer Software Hardware

L2 C3 C4 Computer Software Hardware

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Md. RuHul A.
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163 views37 pages

L2 C3 C4 Computer Software Hardware

L2 C3 C4 Computer Software Hardware

Uploaded by

Md. RuHul A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

McGraw-Hill/Irwin

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright©©2008
Copyright 2008,
by The
TheMcGraw-Hill
McGraw-HillCompanies,
Companies,Inc.
Inc.All
Allrights reserved.
rights reserved.
Chapter

3-4
Computer
Hardware & Software

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives

• Understand the history and evolution of


computer hardware
• Identify the major types and uses of
microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe
computer systems
• Outline the major technologies and uses of
computer peripherals for input, output, and
storage

3-3
Categories of Computer Systems

3-4
Computer System Concept

• A system of hardware devices organized by


function
• Input
• Keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice,
optical scanners
• Converts data into electronic form for entry into
computer system
• Processing
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit

3-5
Computer System Concept

• Output
• Video display units, printers, audio response units,
and so on
• Converts electronic information into human-
intelligible form
• Storage
• Primary storage (memory)
• Secondary storage (disk drives)
• Control
• CPU controls other components of the system

3-6
Computer System Concept

3-7
Storage Tradeoffs

3-8
Computer Storage Fundamentals

• Uses a two-state or binary representation of data


• On or Off
• On represents the number 1
• Off represents the number 0
• Data are processed and stored in computer
systems through the presence or absence of
On/Off signals

3-9
Bit and Byte

• Bit
• Short for binary digit
• Smallest element of data
• Either zero or one
• Byte
• Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit
• Represents one character or number

3-10
Representing Characters in Bytes

3-11
Learning Objectives

• Describe several important trends occurring in


computer software
• Give examples of several major types of
application and system software
• Explain the purpose of several popular software
packages for end user productivity and
collaborative computing

4-12
Learning Objectives

• Define and describe the functions of an operating


system
• Describe the main uses of computer
programming software, tools, and languages

4-13
Types of Application & System Software

4-14
Application Software

• General Purpose
• Programs that perform common information
processing jobs for end users
• E.g., word processing, spreadsheet
• Also call productivity packages
• Custom Software
• Software applications developed within an
organization for use by that organization

4-15
Application Software

• Open-source Software
• Developers collaborate on the development of an
application using programming standards which
allow anyone to contribute to the software
• As each developer completes a project, the
application code becomes available and free to
anyone who wants it

4-16
Business Application Software

• Function-Specific Application Software


• Thousands of these packages support specific
applications of end users
• Examples: customer relationship management,
enterprise resource planning, supply chain
management, Web-enabled electronic commerce

4-17
Software Suites, Integrated Packages

• Most widely used productivity packages are


bundled together as software suites
• Advantages
• Cost less than buying individual packages
• All have similar GUI
• Work well together
• Disadvantages
• All features not used
• Takes a lot of disk space (bloatware)

4-18
Integrated Packages

• Integrated packages combine the functions of


several programs into one package
• E.g., Microsoft Works, AppleWorks
• Advantages
• Many functions for lower price
• Uses less disk space
• Frequently pre-installed on microcomputers
• Disadvantages
• Limited functionality

4-19
Web Browsers

• Software applications that support navigation


through the point-and-click hyper-linked
resources of the Web
• Becoming the universal platform from which
end users launch…
• Information searches
• E-mail
• Multimedia file transfer
• Discussion groups
• Other Internet-based applications

4-20
Search Engines

• Browsers are used to gain access to Internet


search engines
• Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,
Overture, Yahoo!
• Using search engines to find information has
become an indispensable part of Internet,
intranet, and extranet applications

4-21
E-mail, Instant Messaging, and Weblogs

• E-mail
• Software to communicate by sending and
receiving messages and attachments via the
Internet, intranet, or extranet
• Instant messaging (IM)
• Receive electronic messages instantly
• Weblog or blog
• A personal website in dated log format
• Updated with new information about a subject or
range of subjects

4-22
Word Processing/Desktop Publishing

• Word Processing
• Create, edit, revise, and print documents
• E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel
WordPerfect
• Desktop Publishing
• Produce printed materials that look professionally
published
• E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher,
QuarkXPress

4-23
Electronic Spreadsheets

• Used by virtually every business for…


• Analysis, planning, modeling
• Electronic Spreadsheet
• Worksheet of rows and columns
• Can be stored on local computer or on network
• Requires designing format and developing the
relationships (formulas)
• Most help you develop charts and graphic
displays of spreadsheet results
• Supports what-if questions

4-24
Presentation Graphics

• Common presentation graphics packages…


• Converts numeric data into graphics displays
• Used to create multimedia presentations of
graphics, photos, animation, and video clips
• E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance,
Corel Presentations
• Top packages can tailor files for transfer in
HTML format to websites

4-25
Personal Information Managers

• Software for end user productivity and


collaboration
• Stores information about clients
• Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
• Most include ability to access the Web and
provide e-mail capabilities
• Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
• E.g., Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

4-26
Groupware

• Software that helps workgroups collaborate on


group assignments
• E-mail, discussion groups, databases, video
conferencing
• E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft
Exchange
• Windows SharePoint Services and WebSphere
both allow teams to create websites for
information sharing and document collaboration

4-27
Software Alternatives

• Outsourcing development and maintenance of


software
• Application service providers (ASPs)
• Companies that own, operate, and maintain
application software and computer system
resources
• Use the application for a fee over the Internet
• Pay-as-you-go
• Use expected to accelerate in the coming years

4-28
Categories of Group Software

• System Management Programs


• Manages the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems
• Examples: operating systems, network manage-
ment programs, database management systems,
system utilities
• System Development Programs
• Helps users develop IS programs and procedures
and then prepare them for processing
• Includes language translators and editors, CASE
and programming tools
4-29
Interface Between End Users and Computer

4-30
Operating Systems

• Integrated system of programs that…


• Manages the operations of the CPU
• Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system
• Provides support services as the computer
executes application programs
• The operating system must be loaded and
activated before other tasks can be accomplished

4-31
Operating System Basic Functions

4-32
Other System Software

• Utilities
• Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
• Example: Norton utilities includes data backup,
virus protection, data compression, etc.
• Performance Monitors
• Programs that monitor and adjust computer
system to keep them running efficiently
• Security Monitors
• Monitor and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources

4-33
Application Servers

• Provide an interface between an operating


system and the application programs of users
• Middleware
• Software that helps diverse software applications
exchange data and work together more efficiently

4-34
Programming Languages

• Examples of programming in each language

4-35
How Web Services Work

4-36
Language Translator Programs

• Translate instructions written in programming


languages into machine language
• Assembler
• Translates assembler language statement
• Compiler
• Translates high-level language statements
• Interpreter
• A compiler that translates and executes each
statement in a program, one at a time

4-37

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