Aggregate: Raju Sharma Lecturer Thapar University Patiala, Punjab
Aggregate: Raju Sharma Lecturer Thapar University Patiala, Punjab
Aggregate: Raju Sharma Lecturer Thapar University Patiala, Punjab
Aggregate
Raju Sharma
Lecturer
Thapar University
Patiala, Punjab
Aggregate
• Important constituent of concrete
• WHY?
• It occupy 70-80% of the volume of concrete therefore it
affect the various property of concrete.
• Cement is the only factory made standard component in
concrete. Other ingredients, namely, water and aggregates
are natural material and can vary to any extent in many of
their properties. So in-depth study is required.
Cont’d…
These are formed by cooling of These are formed These are originally either
the molten magma or lava at the below the sea bed igneous or sedimentary rocks
surface of the crest (trap and and subsequently which are subsequently
basalt)or deep beneath the crest lifted up metamorphosed due to
extreme heat and pressure
Cont’d…
Aggregate from Igneous rocks
Normally these aggregates are hard, dense and tough structure entirely crystalline or
wholly glassy or in combination in between, depending upon the rate at which they were
cooled during formation, Acidic or basic depending upon the % of silica content. These are
chemically active and react with the alkalis in cement. As the igneous rock is one of the
widely occurring type of rocks on the face of the earth, bulk of the concrete aggregates,
that are derived, are of igneous origin
Aggregate from sedimentary rocks
Igneous and metamorphic rock are subjected to weathering agencies such as sun, wind and
rain. These WA decompose fragmentise, transport and deposit the particle of rock deep
beneath the ocean bed where they are cementing together by some of the cementing
material (Carbonaceous, siliceous or argillaceous in nature). Same time it is subjected to
static pressure of water and become compact sedimentary layer.
Deposition, Cementation , Consolidation
take place layer by layer beneath the layer bed.
The sedimentary rocks subsequently lifted up and became a continent. The sedimentary rock
with the stratified structure are quarried and concrete aggregates are derived from it.
Sedimentary rocks vary from soft to hard, porous to dense and light to heavy. The degree of
consolidation, the type of cementation, the thickness of layers and contamination, are all
important factors in determining the suitability of sedimentary rock for concrete aggregates.
Cont’d…
Aggregate from Metamorphic rocks
Both igneous and sedimentary rock are subjected to high temperature and pressure
which causes metamorphism which changes the structure and texture of rocks.
Metamorphic rock show foliated structure. The thickness of this foliation may very from
few centimeters to many meters. If thickness of this foliation is less, then it is not
desirable characteristics for good aggregate. However, many metamorphic rock
quartzite and gneiss have been used for production of good aggregates .
Foliated structure
Classification of Aggregate
Artificial
Broken Bricks
Natural Air Cooled Slag
•Sand, Gravel, Crushed Sintered Fly Ash
•Rock such as granite Bloated Clay
Bulk Specific Gravity- 2.4 to 2.9 •Quartzite, Basalt
Bulk Density – 1520 to 1680 kg/m3 •Sandstone
, Most Commonly Material
Manufactured or Natural, Bulk Density Less than 1120 kg/m3, Most commonly used in
lightweight concrete, many must be screened to get the desired size distribution, and some
must be crushed (e.g. Pumice stone specific gravity is 1.308 (Comparative Study of light weight
aggregate))- Application- Insulating Material
• Variation in temperature
• Continuous Grading
• Gap Grading
• Well Grading
Effects of Grading
a) Voids. The well graded aggregates has less number of voids than the
aggregate having all particles of same size. Thus proper grading of
aggregate produces dense concrete and needs less quantity of cement
thus making the concrete economical
b) Strength of concrete. Grading have no direct effect on the
strength but it influence the strength indirectly. In concrete where
water-cement ratio is low (high strength concrete) continuous coarse
grading offers less specific surface area and is desirable. But for high
water-cement ratio finer grading is permitted.
Cont’d…
c) Segregation. Coarser grading always tend to
segregate. If sufficient finer material is not available
in the mix to maintain cohesiveness.
d) Bleeding. Coarser grading will lead to bleeding
and finer grading will prevent bleeding.
Grading Limits
• IS codes specified certain limits in terms of upper
and lower limits, within which a grading curve must
lie to produce a satisfactory concrete.
Very coarse sand or very fine sand is unsatisfactory for concrete making
Coarse Sand results in harshness, bleeding and segregation
Fine Sand requires a comparatively greater amount of water to produce the necessary
fluidity.
For fine aggregates, a total departure of 5% from zone limits may be allowed. But this
relaxation is not permitted beyond the coarser limit of zone I or the finer limit of zone
IV
Cont’d…
• Zone 1- Coarse Sand
(a) (b)
Fig- (a) Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregate 20mm and 40 mm single size
Fig- (b) Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregate 20mm and 40 mm graded size
Grading limits for all-in-aggregate
Good Grading
Tolerable
Grading
Interpretation of Grading Charts
• In case actual grading curve is lower than the specified
grading curve aggregate is coarser and segregation of the
mix might take place.
• In case actual grading curve lies well above the specified
grading curve aggregate is finer and more water will be
required, thus increasing the quantity of cement also for a
constant water-cement ratio and is uneconomical.
• If the actual grading curve is steeper than the specified
grading curve it indicates an excess of middle size particles
and will lead to harsh mix
• If the actual grading curve is flatter than the specified
grading curve the aggregate will be deficient in the middle
size particles
Sieve Analysis
• This is the name given to the operation of dividing a
sample of aggregate into various fractions each consisting of
particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is conducted to
determine the particle size distribution in a sample of
aggregate, which we call gradation. The material retained
on each sieve after shaking, represents the fraction of
aggregate coarser than the sieve below and finer than the
sieve above.
Cont’d…
• From the sieve analysis the particle size distribution in a
sample of aggregate is found out. In this connection a term
known as “Fineness Modulus” (F.M.) is being used. F.M. is a
ready index of coarseness or fineness of the material.
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding
the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of
the standard sieves ranging from 80 mm to 150 micron and
dividing this sum by an arbitrary number 100.
Fineness Modulus
• Grading of aggregate is aimed at determining the mean size
of particle in a given batch of aggregates. This is commonly
found by the method of Fineness Modulus. This can be used
to determine fineness modulus of fine, coarse aggregate
and all in aggregate or mixed aggregate. In this method, a
convenient weight of the sample is taken and passed
though a set of sieve one after another.
Cont’d…
• Fineness Modulus is an index number which gives some idea
about fineness or coarseness of an aggregate. It is defined as
the sum of the cumulative percentage retained on the
sieve of the standard series divided by 100.
• Drying the sample at room temperature or by heating it to a
temp. of 100ºC to 110ºC
• Sample is then weighed and put on the largest sieve and then
shaken for not less than 2 minutes. By mechanical shaker, sieving
should be not less than 10 minutes.
Cont’d…
IS 2386.1.1963 (Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part I: Particle Size and Shape
Fineness Modulus of FA
Sieve size of sieve Coarse Aggregate All in Aggregate
4.75 mm 80 mm 80mm, 40mm
2.36 mm 40 mm 20mm, 10mm
1.18 mm 20 mm 4.75mm, 2.36mm
600 µm 10 mm 1.18mm, 600µm
300 µm 4.75 mm 300µm and
150 µm 150 micron
Calculation :-
Cumulative % retained = 100 x (Cumulative Mass Retained X
Mass of Total Sample)
Example
Find the fineness modulus of a sample of fine aggregate for which
sieve analysis is given below.The weight of sample is 1000g.
IS Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative %age
Size Retained(g) Weight Retained weight retained
10 mm 0 0 0
4.75 mm 20 2 2
2.36 mm 100 10 12
1.18 mm 170 17 29
600 micron 190 19 48
300 micron 350 35 83
150micron 170 17 100
Total 1000 - 274
Fineness Modulus= 274/100 =2.74
Example
Find the fineness modulus of a sample of fine and coarse aggregate for which the sieve
analysis is given below. The weight of sample of coarse aggregate is 15 kg and that of
fine aggregate is 500g.
Coarse Aggregate (15 kg) Fine Aggregate (500g)
IS Sieve Retained %age Wt. Cumulative Wt. % age Wt. % wt
Size (kg) retained % age wt. retained retained retained
retained (g)
80mm - - - - -
40mm - - - - -
20mm 7 46.7 46.7 - - -
10mm 6 40.0 86.7 - - -
4.75mm 2 13.3 100 10 2.0 2.0
2.36mm - - 100 50 10.0 12.0
1.18mm - - 100 60 12.0 24.0
600 micron - - 100 80 16.0 40.0
300micron - - 100 90 18.0 58.0
150 micron - - 100 100 20.0 78.0
Total 15 kg - 733.4 390 g - 214
Cont’d…
• Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate= 733.4/100
= 7.33
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate= 214/100 =2.14
Cont’d…
• Coarser the aggregate higher is the value of the fineness
modulus. Fineness Modulus of 4 means the average size of
aggregate is that of the fourth sieve starting from finest
sieve i.e. 1.18mm.
• FM of fine aggregate- 2.2 to 3.2 (2.2 to 2.6 fine sand, 2.6
to 2.9 medium sand and 2.9 to 3.2 coarse sand
• Coarse Aggregate- 6 to 9
• Mixed aggregate- 4.7 to 5
Maximum Size of Aggregate
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be
as large as possible within the limits specified but in no case
greater than one-fourth of the minimum thickness of the member
provided that the concrete can be placed without difficulty
so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the
comers of the form.
Cont’d…
• 20 mm aggregate is suitable for most work.