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Learning Unix/Linux: Based On Slides From: Eric Bishop

This document provides an introduction to learning Unix/Linux. It discusses that Unix was developed in the 1960s and is the predecessor to Linux. Linux is a free, customizable, and stable open source operating system ideal for programmers and scientists. The document then covers topics such as connecting to Unix/Linux systems, navigating the file system, common commands for files/directories, running and managing processes, input/output redirection, and web resources for learning more.

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54 views

Learning Unix/Linux: Based On Slides From: Eric Bishop

This document provides an introduction to learning Unix/Linux. It discusses that Unix was developed in the 1960s and is the predecessor to Linux. Linux is a free, customizable, and stable open source operating system ideal for programmers and scientists. The document then covers topics such as connecting to Unix/Linux systems, navigating the file system, common commands for files/directories, running and managing processes, input/output redirection, and web resources for learning more.

Uploaded by

joseffrid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Unix/Linux

Based on slides from: Eric Bishop


Introduction: What is Unix?

An operating system


Developed at AT&T Bell Labs in the
1960’s
Command Line Interpreter
GUIs (Window systems) are now available
Introduction: Unix vs. Linux
Unix was the predecessor of Linux
Linux is a variant of Unix
So is Mac OS X, so much of this tutorial applies
to Macs as well
Linux is open source
Introduction: Why Unix/Linux?

Linux is free
It’s fully customizable
It’s stable (i.e. it almost never crashes)

These characteristics make it an ideal OS


for programmers and scientists
Connecting to a Unix/Linux system
 Open up a terminal:
Connecting to a Unix/Linux system
 Open up a terminal:

The “prompt”

The current directory (“path”)

The host
What exactly is a “shell”?
 After logging in, Linux/Unix starts another
program called the shell
 The shell interprets commands the user types
and manages their execution
 The shell communicates with the internal part of the
operating system called the kernel
 The most popular shells are: tcsh, csh, korn, and bash
 The differences are most times subtle
 For this tutorial, we are using bash

 Shell commands are CASE SENSITIVE!


Help!

Whenever you need help with a command


type “man” and the command name
Help!
Help!
Help!
Unix/Linux File System
NOTE: Unix file names
are CASE SENSITIVE!

/home/mary/

/home/john/portfolio/

The Path
Command: pwd

To find your current path use “pwd”


Command: cd

To change to a specific directory use “cd”


Command: cd

 “~” is the location of your home directory


Command: cd
“..” is the location of the directory below
current one
Command: ls
 To list the files in the current directory use “ls”
Command: ls

ls has many options


 -l long list (displays lots of info)
 -t sort by modification time
 -S sort by size
 -h list file sizes in human readable format
 -r reverse the order
“man ls” for more options
Options can be combined: “ls -ltr”
Command: ls -ltr
 List files by time in reverse order with long listing
General Syntax: *
“*” can be used as a wildcard in unix/linux
Command: mkdir
To create a new directory use “mkdir”
Command: rmdir
To remove and empty directory use “rmdir”
Working environments

Writing C code:
IDE (Integrated development environment):
emacs, eclipse, code::blocks, qtcreator etc.
Any text editor + SHELL commands.
Visual Studio – not recommended as does not
support C99 and it is YOUR responsibility to
migrate the code to linux.

23
Displaying a file

Various ways to display a file in Unix


 cat
 less
 head
 tail
Command: cat

Dumps an entire file to standard output


Good for displaying short, simple files
Command: less

 “less” displays a file, allowing


forward/backward movement within it
return scrolls forward one line, space one page
y scrolls back one line, b one page
 use “/” to search for a string
Press q to quit
Command: head

“head” displays the top part of a file


 By default it shows the first 10 lines
 -n option allows you to change that
 “head -n50 file.txt” displays the first 50
lines of file.txt
Command: head

Here’s an example of using “head”:


Command: tail

Same as head, but shows the last lines


File Commands

Copying a file: cp
Move or rename a file: mv
Remove a file: rm
Command: cp

To copy a file use “cp”


Command: mv

 To move a file to a different location use “mv”


Command: mv

mv can also be used to rename a file


Command: rm

To remove a file use “rm”


Command: rm

To remove a file “recursively”: rm –r


Used to remove all files and directories
Be very careful, deletions are permanent
in Unix/Linux
File permissions

Each file in Unix/Linux has an associated


permission level
This allows the user to prevent others from
reading/writing/executing their files or
directories
Use “ls -l filename” to find the permission
level of that file
Permission levels

“r” means “read only” permission


“w” means “write” permission
“x” means “execute” permission
In case of directory, “x” grants permission to list
directory contents
File Permissions

User (you)
File Permissions

Group
File Permissions

“The World”
Command: chmod
 If you own the file, you can change it’s permissions with
“chmod”
 Syntax: chmod [user/group/others/all]+[permission] [file(s)]
 Below we grant execute permission to all:
Running a program (a.k.a. a job)

Make sure the program has executable


permissions
Use “./” to run the program
Running a program: an example
 Running the sample perl script “hello_world.pl”
Ending a program

 To end a program use “ctrl-c”. To try it:


Command: ps

To view the processes that you’re running:


Command: top

To view the CPU usage of all processes:


Command: kill

To terminate a process use “kill”


Input/Output Redirection (“piping”)
 Programs can output to other programs
 Called “piping”
 “program_a | program_b”
 program_a’s output becomes program_b’s input
 “program_a > file.txt”
 program_a’s output is written to a file called “file.txt”
 “program_a < input.txt”
 program_a gets its input from a file called “input.txt”
A few examples of piping
A few examples of piping
Command: wc

To count the characters, words, and lines


in a file use “wc”
The first column in the output is lines, the
second is words, and the last is characters
A few examples of piping
Command: grep
To search files in a directory for a specific
string use “grep”
Command: diff

To compare to files for differences use


“diff”
Try: diff /dev/null hello.txt
/dev/null is a special address -- it is always
empty, and anything moved there is deleted
Unix Web Resources

http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/

http://www.ugu.com/sui/ugu/show?help.be
ginners

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
Emacs reference card

http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/refcar
ds/pdf/refcard.pdf

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