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Evolution of Information Technology: Session I 09:30 - 10:15

The document discusses the evolution of information technology over five decades from the 1940s to the present. It covers the progression from mechanical to electronic computers, the development of hardware and software, the emergence of personal computers and the internet, and how distributed computing and embedded systems are now the norm. The future is predicted to see the internet integrated into all buildings and an "information bonanza" available anywhere and anytime through intelligent appliances.

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45 views26 pages

Evolution of Information Technology: Session I 09:30 - 10:15

The document discusses the evolution of information technology over five decades from the 1940s to the present. It covers the progression from mechanical to electronic computers, the development of hardware and software, the emergence of personal computers and the internet, and how distributed computing and embedded systems are now the norm. The future is predicted to see the internet integrated into all buildings and an "information bonanza" available anywhere and anytime through intelligent appliances.

Uploaded by

abhastrivedi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

Session I 09:30 - 10:15

Dr Deepak B Phatak,
IIT Bombay
SESSION OVERVIEW
 Definition of IT
– Technology That Permits Us To
Capture, Validate, Store, Retrieve,
Analyse, Present, Disseminate, And
Archieve Information
 Growth Of Modern IT

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 2


FIVE DECADES OF
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
 The Dark Ages
 The Early Electronic Era
 The Middle Ages
 Proliferation of the IT Culture
 The Current Scenario
 What does the Future hold

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 3


PRE-HISTORIC COMPUTERS
 Mechanical Computers
 Electro-Mechanical Machines
 The Early Electronic Era

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 4


MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
 Wilhelm Schickhard 1623
 Blaise Pascal 1642
 Gottfried Liebniz 1671
 Charles Babbage
– Difference Engine 1823
– Analytical Engine 1834
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 5
Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
 Arithmometre, Charles Thoma 1820
 Comptometer, D.E. Felt 1885
 Puched-Card Tabulating Machine
– Hervnan Hollerith (Census Data) 1890
– Comparing Tabulating Recording
Company 1911
– Renamed IBM 1924.
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 6
Mechanical/Electro-mechanical
 Mechanical Computer Z1
– by Konrad Zuse 1938
 Design of General Purpose Computer
– Howard Aiken 1937
 Harvard Mark I 1939 - 1944

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 7


ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 Information Transmission at Speed of
Light (3,00,000 km/s)
 Triode Vacuum Tube
– Lee De Forest 1906
 Attempts by Atanasoft in Late 1930’s

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 8


ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 ENIAC built
– John W. Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert
 30 tons, over 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
 Calculation of Ballistics tables
 3 ms for one addition

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 9


• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 John Von Neumann (1903 - 1957)
– Consultant to ENIAC Project
– Proposed EDVAC 1945
 EDVAC completed in 1951

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 10


• STORED PROGRAM
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
 Manchester MARK I
– Williams & Kilburn 1946
 First stored Program
– 21 June 1948 (GC tootill’s diary)
– 3.5 million operations to calculate
highest factor of an integer.
– 1,30,000 numbers tested, 52 Min.
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 11
1945 - 1955
 Software in Machine Language
 Assembly Languages Evolve
 Work Begins on Higher Level
Languages.

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 12


1956 - 1965
 FORTRAN Invented in 1956
 COBOL Defined & Released in 1960
 Algol Developed in Europe
 3GL Programming Becomes The
Backbone of Application Software
 Operating Systems Begin Maturing

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 13


• 1956 - 1965 (Contd.)
 Hardware “Generations” evolve
 Transistors Deployed in Second
Generation Machines
 Early Integrated Circuits Mark Third
Generation beginning.

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 14


• 1966 - 1975
 VLSI, 4th Generation Hardware
 Birth of the Microprocessor
– Intel 1972
 Main-Frame Centric Computing
Becomes Main Stay
 Direct Access Storage Devices.

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 15


• 1966 - 1975 (Contd.)
 Software Crisis Recognized
 S/W Maintenance Receives Attention
 CODASYL Defines First Data Base
Management System

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 16


• 1966 - 1975
 Codd’s work on RDBMS released
– IBM System R
 Early work on UNIX and C

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 17


• 1976 - 1985
 RDBMS gains Acceptance
 UNIX Replaces proprietary O.S.
 Software Engineering Methodologies
– Mature and get adopted
– Emergence of Standards

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 18


1976 - 1985 (Contd.)
 Electronics Goes Sub Micron
 Processor Does One Million
Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
 Winchester Technology for Disks
 Semiconductor Memory Used

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 19


1986 - 1995
 Microsoft emerges as the main PC
Software Company
 Client - Server Computing matures
 Object Technologies Gain acceptance
 RDBMS products standardization,
SQL, SQL-2, Draft SQL3
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 20
1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 DSS, Data Warehousing Defined
 On Line Analytical Processing
– Notions of Data Mining Emerge
 Rapid Growth of Internet
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Intranets for Corporate Computing

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 21


1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 Transaction Processing better
understood.
 Evoluation of SMP and MPP
architectures
 Digital announces one BIPS
processor
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 22
1986 - 1995 (Contd.)
 Serious work begins on Embedded
Systems
 LAN’s and WAN’s Gain Momentum
 Network Computer Emerges

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 23


CURRENT SCENARIO
 Broad spectrum of Resources
 Very Large (24 x 7) OLTP Servers
 Distributed Computing is the Norm
 Embedded Systems are Evolving
– Smart Cards
– Intelligent Appliances
Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 24
CURRENT SCENARIO
 Massive Data Warehouses
 Packaged Software Gains Currency
– Make V/s Buy Decision
 Media Independent Data Formats
 Flexible Delivery Mechanisms

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 25


THE EMERGING FUTURE
 Internet Outlets in all Buildings
 Information Bonanza
– Anywhere, Anytime, Any form
 Intelligent Appliances Everywhere
 Software Crisis will Deepen
 Change Management ??

Dr. Phatak, IIT Bombay Evolution Of IT 26

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