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Algebra Theorem

The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

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K Vinoth Shivan
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401 views23 pages

Algebra Theorem

The document discusses Rolle's theorem from calculus and provides its statement, proof, and examples. Specifically: - Rolle's theorem states that between two consecutive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0, there exists at least one real root of the derivative equation f'(x)=0. - The proof uses properties of polynomials and signs to show that the derivative equation f'(x) must have a root between the consecutive roots of the original equation. - Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding real roots of derivative equations and classifying roots as real or imaginary based on Rolle's theorem and changes in sign of the original polynomial. - Corollaries extend the results to higher

Uploaded by

K Vinoth Shivan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALGEBRA

T.Brindha
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics(PG&UG-SF)
PSGR Krishnammal College for Women
Coimbatore.
Rolle’s Theorem
Statement:
Between two consecutive real roots a and b of the equation
f(x)=0 where f(x) is a polynomial, there lies at least one real root of
the equation f ’(x)=0.
Proof:
Let f(x) be (x-a)m (x-b)n (x) ,where m and n are positive
integers and (x) is not divisible by (x-a) or (x-b).
Since a and b are consecutive real roots of f(x), the sign of (x) in the
interval a≤x≤b is either positive throughout or negative throughout, for
if it changes its sign between a and b, then there is a root of (x)=0 that
is f(x)=0 lying between a and b, which is contrary to the hypothesis that
a and b are consecutive roots.
Therefore
f ’(x)=(x-a)m n (x-b)n-1 (x)+ m(x-a)m-1 (x-b)n (x)+ (x-a)m(x-b)n ’(x)
=(x-a)m-1 (x-b)n-1 (x).
where (x)={m(x-b)+n(x-a)} (x)+(x-a)(x-b) ’(x)
Therefore (a)=m (a-b) (a) and (b)=n (b-a) (b)
where (a) and (b) have different signs since (a) and (b) have the
same sign.
Therefore (x)=0 has at least one root between a and b.
Hence f’(x)=0 has at least one root between a and b.
Corollary:1
If all the roots of f(x)=0 are eral, then all the roots of f’(x)=0
are also real.
Corollary:2
If all the roots of f(x)=0 are real, then the roots of f’(x)=0,
f’’(x)=0, f’’’(x)=0 are real.
Corollary: 3
At the most only one real root of f(x)=0 can lie between two
consecutive roots of f’(x)=0, that is the real roots of f’(x)=0 separate
those of f(x)=0
Corollary:4
If f’(x)=0 has r real roots, then f(x)=0 cannot have more than
(r+1) real roots.
Corollary:5
f(x)=0 has at least as many real roots as f’(x)=0.
Example:1
Find the nature of the roots of the equation 4x3-21x2+18x+20=0.
Solution:
Let f(x)= 4x3-21 x2+18x+20
Therefore, f ’(x)=12 x 2-42x+18
=6(2x 2-7x+3)
=6(2x 2-6x-x+3)
=6(2x(x-3)-1(x-3))
=6(2x-1) (x-3)
To find the roots of f’(x)=0.
2x-1=0 and x-3=0
x=1/2 and x=3
Therefore the real roots of f’(x)=0 are ½ and 3.
x : - ½ 3 
f(x): - + - +
Here, the number of changes of sign is 3. Hence f(x)=0 has three
real roots.
Example:2
Show that the equation 3x4-8x3-6x2+24x-7=0 has one positive, one
negative and two imaginary roots.
Solution:
Let f(x)= 3x4-8x3-6x2+24x-7
Therefore f’(x)=12x3-24x2-12x+24
=12(x3-2x2-x+2)
=12(x2(x-2)-1(x-2))
=12(x2-1) (x-2)
Therefore the roots of the equation f ’(x)=0 are 1,1,2.
x : - -1 1 2 
f(x): + - + + +
Therefore f(x)=0 has a real root lying between -1 and -, one between
-1 and +1 and it has two imaginary roots.
Also, f(1)=6= + and f(0)=-7= -
Therefore the real root lying between -1 and +1 lies between 0 and +1.
Hence it is a positive root. The other root lies between -1 and - and it
is a negative root.
Example:3
Discuss the reality of the roots, x 4+4x3-2x2-12x+a=0 for all real values of
a.
Solution:
Let f(x)= x4+4x3-2x2-12x+a
Therefore f ’(x)=4x3+12x2-4x-12
=4(x3+3x2-x-3)
=4(x2(x+3)-1(x+3))
=4(x2-1) (x+3)
Therefore the roots of f’(x)=0 are 1,1,-3.
x : - -3 -1 1 
f(x): + a-9 7+a a-9 +
If a-9 is negative and 7+a is positive, the number of changes of sign in
f(x) is four. Clearly, all the four roots of f(x) are real.
If -7<a<9, f(x)=0 has four real roots. For, if we take a=8 then the
number of changes of sign in f(x) is 4.
If a>9 then f(x) is positive throughout and hence all the roots
f(x)=0 are imaginary. For, if we take a=10 then there is no change
of sign in f(x).
If a< -7, the signs of f(x) at -,-3,-1,1, are respectively
+,-,-,-,+. For, if we take a=-8 then the number of changes of sign
is 2.
Hence f(x)=0 has two real roots and two imaginary roots.
Removal of terms

One of the chief uses of this transformation is to remove a certain


specified term from an equation. Such a step always helps to find
the solutions of an equation.
Let the given equation be a0xn+a1xn-1+a2 x n-2+…+an-1 x +an=0
Then if y=x-h, we obtain the new equation
a0(y+h)n+a1(y+h)n-1+a2 (y+h) n-2+…+an-1 (y+h) +an=0
Which, when arranged in descending powers of y, becomes
a0yn+(na0h+a1 ) y n-1+{[n(n-1)/2!] a0h2+(n-1)a1h+a2} y n-2+………..=0
Example:1
Find the relation between the coefficients in the equation
x4+px3+qx2+rx+s=0 in order that the coefficients of x3 and x may be
removable by the same transformation.
Solution:
Let us reduce the roots of the equation by h. Instead of x substitute x+h, the
transformed equation is
(x+h)4+p(x+h)3+q(x+h)2+r(x+h)+s=0
i.e., x4+(4h+p)x3+(6h2+3ph+q)x2+(4h3+3ph2+2qh+r)x+h4+ph3+qh2+rh+s=0
Example:2
Solve the equation x4+20x3+143x2+143x2+430x+462=0 by removing its
second term.
Solution:
Substitute x=x+h in the given equation
(x+h)4+20(x+h)3+143(x+h)2+143(x+h)2+430(x+h)+462=0
i.e., x4+(4h+20)x3+……….=0
Therefore 4h+20=0, h=-5
Hence to remove the second term, increase the roots of the equation by 5.
1 20 143 430 462
5- 0 - 5 - 75 - 340 - 450

1 15 68 90 12
0 - 5 - 50 - 90
1 10 18 0
0 - 5 - 25
1 5 - 7
0 - 5
1 0
Therefore the transformed equation is y4-7y2+12=0
y4-4y2-3y2+12=0
y2(y2-4)-3(y2-4)=0
(y2-4) (y2-3)=0
Therefore y= ±3 and y=±2.
Therefore the roots of the transformed equation are ±3 and ±2.
And the roots of the original equation are 3-5, 3+5,2-5,-2-5
i.e., 3-5, 3+5,-3,-7
Text Book:
Algebra, Volume I by T.K.Manicavachagom pillay,
T.Natarajan , K.S. Ganapathy, S.Viswanathan (Printers & Publishers)
PVT.,LTD.2010
Thank you

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