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    12 Shell Model III - The Full Model

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    Tri Siswandi SuksesMulia
    The document summarizes the development of the nuclear shell model. Researchers originally thought magic numbers like 8, 20, 28, 50, and 82 came from the primitive shell model. However, experiments found these numbers were incorrect except for 2, 8, and 20. The key breakthrough was discovering that strong spin-orbit coupling from the nuclear surface, not relativity, was responsible for the correct magic numbers by splitting energy levels. This spin-orbit coupling has the opposite effect of special relativity and greatly impacts levels with higher angular momentum.

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    12 Shell Model III - The Full Model

    Uploaded by

    Tri Siswandi SuksesMulia
    63 views15 pages
    The document summarizes the development of the nuclear shell model. Researchers originally thought magic numbers like 8, 20, 28, 50, and 82 came from the primitive shell model. However, experiments found these numbers were incorrect except for 2, 8, and 20. The key breakthrough was discovering that strong spin-orbit coupling from the nuclear surface, not relativity, was responsible for the correct magic numbers by splitting energy levels. This spin-orbit coupling has the opposite effect of special relativity and greatly impacts levels with higher angular momentum.

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    The document summarizes the development of the nuclear shell model. Researchers originally thought magic numbers like 8, 20, 28, 50, and 82 came from the primitive shell model. However, experiments found these numbers were incorrect except for 2, 8, and 20. The key breakthrough was discovering that strong spin-orbit coupling from the nuclear surface, not relativity, was responsible for the correct magic numbers by splitting energy levels. This spin-orbit coupling has the opposite effect of special relativity and greatly impacts levels with higher angular momentum.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views15 pages

    12 Shell Model III - The Full Model

    Uploaded by

    Tri Siswandi SuksesMulia
    The document summarizes the development of the nuclear shell model. Researchers originally thought magic numbers like 8, 20, 28, 50, and 82 came from the primitive shell model. However, experiments found these numbers were incorrect except for 2, 8, and 20. The key breakthrough was discovering that strong spin-orbit coupling from the nuclear surface, not relativity, was responsible for the correct magic numbers by splitting energy levels. This spin-orbit coupling has the opposite effect of special relativity and greatly impacts levels with higher angular momentum.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    The Shell Model of the Nucleus

    3. The full model

    [Sec. 5.5 and 5.6 Dunlap]


    WOODS – SAXON
    energy levels 92
    22
    2
    10

    58
    18 Note that magic
    40 numbers 8, 20,
    6 28, 50, 82 for
    34 neutron number
    14 in nucleus from
    exp.
    20
    2 Apart from 2,8
    10 and 20 all the
    other numbers
    8 predicted by the
    6 primitive shell
    model are
    2 WRONG.
    2
    What makes the magic numbers?
    The answer is SPIN-ORBIT coupling energy. This term was much bigger than had
    been expected. It was discovered in 1949 independently by two research groups.

    V (r, l, s)  VWS (r )  W (r )ˆl.sˆ

    Maria Goeppert Mayer J. Hans D. Jensen


    (1906 – 1972) (1907 – 1973)
    1963 Nobel Laureates (with Haxel and Suess)
    Borrowing from Atomic Physics
    In atomic physics the splitting of the
    p and d levels is known as FINE
    STRUCTURE.
    This FINE STRUCTURE is
    produced by SPIN-ORBIT coupling.
    In the H – spectrum the size of the
    SPIN ORBIT SPLITTING is 10-4 eV
    which is very small compared to the
    gross structure on the 10eV scale.
    Let us look at what is causing this
    splitting in more detail.
    Borrowing from Atomic Physics
    Situation as seen from the proton Situation as seen from the electron
    L B
    s

    Ze
    e-
    High energy
       configuration
    Magnetic Interaction energy E  μ.Β shown

    Magnetic field B = I/2r, with I the effective current I=Ze/T, with T the period of
    the orbit. The orbital angular momentum L = mvr = 2\pi mr^2/T. Note that B
    and L are pointing to the same direction. So we have
    B =ZeL/(mc^2r^3), in CGS units, or B = (L/mer c^2) dV_c/dr, with
    V_c = -Ze^2/r
    VC = the central
    potential



     
    s e

     
    s  B = the Bohr
    Magnetic moment μ  2 B    2   magnetron
     2m   
    Atomic Spin-Orbit Coupling

     e s  1 1 dVC 
     . B .l
    m  2
    mc er dr

       e s   1 1 dVC  
    E    .B    . . 2 .l 
     m    mc er dr 

    E
    (c) 2 1 dVC 
    2 2
    .
    (mc ) r dr
     

    l /  .s /  

    (c) 2 1 dVC Where l and s are


    E 2 2
    . l.s dimensionless ang.mom
    (mc ) r dr
    The above derivation is not quite right though. We have failed to take into
    consideration the effect of “Thomas Precession” which is a relativist effect that arises
    from switching back to the frame in which the nucleus is at rest: Correctly we have:

    (c) 2 1 dVC
    E 2 2
    . l.s
    2(mc ) r dr
    values of l \cdot s
    J = L +s ,
    J^2 = L^2+ s^2 +2 Ls
    Ls =[J(J+1)-L(L+1)-s(s+1)]/2

    For s=1/2, J = L+1/2 or L-1/2


    If J=L+1/2, Ls= L/2
    If J=L-1/2, Ls= -(L+1)/2
    Spin-Orbit Coupling is general
    2
    (c) 1 dVC
    ESO  2 2
    . l.s  Watom (r )l.s
    2(mc ) r dr
    Although derived for Atomic Physics, this equation for the spin orbit coupling energy
    is in fact quite GENERAL. It applies to the SPIN-ORBIT energy for any centralized
    potential VC. Relativist motion always causes an effective “B-like” force. The
    above equation is expected to apply to a non-Coulomb force – provided it is central

    To find the energy of the atom one must of course take an average over the atom:

    ESO   R ( r )Watom (r )l.s Rnl ( r )d r   nl l.s



    nl
    3

    Total splitting = 1
    2  nl (2l  1)
    Highest
    l s energy state
    nl
    1
    2  nl .l
    l s Lowest 1
    2  nl (l  1)
    energy state
    In the case of an atom this splitting is normally small ~ 10-4 eV
    Switching to the nucleus

    Even for large A and large l one is not going to get a big
    splitting. This was not able to change the magic numbers.
    Mayer, Jensen, Haxel and Suess knew this – they had
    done this calculation – it had no effect on the magic
    numbers.
    What they discovered was that this relativistic Spin Orbit
    energy was being swamped by another Spin-Orbit energy
    that was coming from a non-relativistic source.
    The spin-orbit effect comes from
    the nuclear surface not the bulk

    C dVW S
    W (r ) 
    r dr

    The reason is that the strong spin direction forces are matched by equal
    and opposite forces in the center of the nucleus. On the surface
    nucleons can only pass the shown nucleon in one direction only.
    The spin orbit
    energy of the
    nucleus is of
    opposite sign to
    the special LOW ENERGY STATE HIGH ENERGY STATE
    relativity
    prediction STRETCH j l
    1
    2 j l 1
    2
    JACKNIFE j  l  12
    1
    2  2 (l  1)
    nl
     12  2l
    j  l  12
    TOTAL SPLITTING = 1
    2  .(2l  1)
    WOODS – SAXON
    energy levels 92
    22
    2
    10

    58
    18
    40 Which Energy
    6
    levels are
    34
    14 going to be
    20
    depressed
    2 most?
    10
    The ones with the
    8
    largest angular
    6 momentum
    2 WHY?
    2
    126

    82

    50

    28

    20

    2
    +
    -
    The Full Energy +
    Level diagram of the
    +
    SHELL MODEL -
    +
    10
    2
    - 4
    6
    Remember the + -
    occupancy of each 8
    level nlj is (2j+1) –
    only depends on j + 2
    4
    + 6
    The parity of each -
    level nlj is (1) l 2
    only depends on l - 4

    + + 2

    PARITY
    Sn Single Neutron and Proton Separation Energies

    Sp
    Fermi energy

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