The Medium Access Control

Sublayer

Chapter 4

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Channel Allocation Problem

• Static channel allocation

• Assumptions for dynamic

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Assumptions for Dynamic Channel
Allocation

1. Independent traffic
2. Single channel
3. Observable Collisions
4. Continuous or slotted time
5. Carrier sense or no carrier sense

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Multiple Access Protocols

• ALOHA
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• Collision-free protocols
• Limited-contention protocols
• Wireless LAN protocols

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 ALOHA (1)

User

Collision
Collision Time

In pure ALOHA, frames are transmitted

at completely arbitrary times
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 ALOHA (2)

Vulnerable period for the shaded frame.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 ALOHA (3)

Throughput versus offered traffic for ALOHA systems.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Persistent and Nonpersistent CSMA

Comparison of the channel utilization versus load for various

random access protocols.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 CSMA with Collision Detection

CSMA/CD can be in one of three states: contention,

transmission, or idle.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Collision-Free Protocols (1)

The basic bit-map protocol.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Collision-Free Protocols (2)

Token
Station

Direction of
transmission

Token ring.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Binary Countdown

The binary countdown protocol. A dash indicates silence.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Limited-Contention Protocols

Acquisition probability for a symmetric contention channel.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol

The tree for eight stations

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LAN Protocols (1)

A wireless LAN. (a) A and C are hidden terminals

when transmitting to B.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LAN Protocols (2)

A wireless LAN. (b) B and C are exposed terminals when

transmitting to A and D.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless LAN Protocols (3)

The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B. (b) B

responding with a CTS to A.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Ethernet
• Physical layer
• MAC sublayer protocol
• Ethernet performance
• Switched Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet
• 10 Gigabit Ethernet
• IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control
• Retrospective on Ethernet
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Classic Ethernet Physical Layer

Architecture of classic Ethernet

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 MAC Sublayer Protocol (1)

Frame formats. (a) Ethernet (DIX). (b) IEEE 802.3.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)

Collision detection can take as long as 2.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Ethernet Performance

Efficiency of Ethernet at 10 Mbps with 512-bit slot times.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Switched Ethernet (1)

(a) Hub. (b) Switch.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Switched Ethernet (2)

Switch

Hub

Switch ports
Twisted pair

An Ethernet switch.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Fast Ethernet

The original fast Ethernet cabling.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Gigabit Ethernet (1)

A two-station Ethernet

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Gigabit Ethernet (2)

A two-station Ethernet

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Gigabit Ethernet (3)

Gigabit Ethernet cabling.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 10 Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet cabling

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wireless Lans

• 802.11 architecture and protocol stack

• 802.11 physical layer
• 802.11 MAC sublayer protocol
• 802.11 frame structure
• Services

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack (1)

To Network
Access
Point

Client

802.11 architecture – infrastructure mode

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack (2)

802.11 architecture – ad-hoc mode

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack (3)

Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (1)

Sending a frame with CSMA/CA.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)

The hidden terminal problem.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (3)

The exposed terminal problem.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (4)

The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (5)

Interframe spacing in 802.11

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 802.11 Frame Structure

Format of the 802.11 data frame

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Broadband Wireless

• Comparison of 802.16 with 802.11, 3G

• 802.16 architecture and protocol stack
• 802.16 physical layer
• 802.16 frame structure

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Comparison of 802.16 with 802.11 and 3G

The 802.16 architecture

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 802.16 Architecture and Protocol Stack

The 802.16 protocol stack

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 802.16 Physical Layer

Frames structure for OFDMA with time division duplexing.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol

Classes of service

1. Constant bit rate service.

2. Real-time variable bit rate service.
3. Non-real-time variable bit rate service.
4. Best-effort service.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 802.16 Frame Structure

(a) A generic frame. (b) A bandwidth request frame.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Bluetooth

• Architecture
• Applications
• Protocol stack
• Radio layer
• Link layers
• Frame structure

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Bluetooth Architecture

Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Bluetooth Protocol Stack

The Bluetooth protocol architecture.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Bluetooth Frame Structure

Typical Bluetooth data frame at (a) basic, and

(b) enhanced, data rates.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 RFID

• EPC Gen 2 architecture

• EPC Gen 2 physical layer
• EPC Gen 2 tag identification layer
• Tag identification message formats

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 EPC Gen 2 Architecture

RFID architecture.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 EPC Gen 2 Physical Layer

Reader and tag backscatter signals.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 EPC Gen 2 Tag Identification Layer

Example message exchange to identify a tag.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Tag Identification Message Formats

Format of the Query message.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Data Link Layer Switching

• Uses of bridges
• Learning bridges
• Spanning tree bridges
• Repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches,
routers, and gateways
• Virtual LANs

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Learning Bridges (1)

Bridge connecting two multidrop LANs

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Learning Bridges (2)

Bridges (and a hub) connecting seven point-to-point stations.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Learning Bridges (3)

Protocol processing at a bridge.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Spanning Tree Bridges (1)

Bridges with two parallel links

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Spanning Tree Bridges (2)

A spanning tree connecting five bridges. The dotted lines are

links that are not part of the spanning tree.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Poem by Radia Perlman (1985)
Algorithm for Spanning Tree (1)

I think that I shall never see

A graph more lovely than a tree.
A tree whose crucial property
Is loop-free connectivity.
A tree which must be sure to span.
So packets can reach every LAN.
...

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Poem by Radia Perlman (1985)
Algorithm for Spanning Tree (2)

...
First the Root must be selected
By ID it is elected.
Least cost paths from Root are traced
In the tree these paths are placed.
A mesh is made by folks like me
Then bridges find a spanning tree.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,
Routers, and Gateways

(a) Which device is in which layer.

(b) Frames, packets, and headers.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Virtual LANs (1)

A building with centralized wiring using hubs and a switch.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Virtual LANs (2)

Two VLANs, gray and white, on a bridged LAN.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The IEEE 802.1Q Standard (1)

Bridged LAN that is only partly VLAN-aware. The shaded

symbols are VLAN aware. The empty ones are not.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 The IEEE 802.1Q Standard (2)

The 802.3 (legacy) and 802.1Q Ethernet frame formats.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 End

Chapter 4

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011