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Geometric Optics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in geometric optics, including convex and concave spherical lenses, the lensmaker's equation, vergence, real and virtual images, paraxial ray tracing, thick lenses, focal length, and ophthalmic prisms. Key points covered include how the location of images depends on the object location and lens curvature, how vergence relates to the distance and index of refraction of objects and images, and how ray tracing can be used to analyze image formation through lenses and determine focal lengths.

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Katya Taran
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240 views17 pages

Geometric Optics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in geometric optics, including convex and concave spherical lenses, the lensmaker's equation, vergence, real and virtual images, paraxial ray tracing, thick lenses, focal length, and ophthalmic prisms. Key points covered include how the location of images depends on the object location and lens curvature, how vergence relates to the distance and index of refraction of objects and images, and how ray tracing can be used to analyze image formation through lenses and determine focal lengths.

Uploaded by

Katya Taran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric

Optics

Presented by:
Sestacova Adriana
Talmazan Ana
Taran Ecaterina
Short Overview

• General aspects of the Geometric Optics

• Convex Spherical Lenses

• Concave Spherical Lenses

• Ophtalmic Prisms
The Lensmaker’s Equation (LME)
• The location of the
image depends on
the location of the
object.

• The radius of the


spherical refracting
surface affects the
image
characteristics.
Vergence
• Vergence is inversely
proportional to
distance from the
object or image point.

• Vergence is measured
in diopter (D)
Reduced vergence
• Reduced vergence is vergence multiplied by the
refractive index of the medium.

• Thus the LME can be interpreted in the terms of


reduced vergence.
Thin-lens Equation

Pf - power of the front surface


Pt – vergence change on transfer
Pb – power of the back surface

• The vergence change on transfer is small in thin


lens => Pt = 0. This is called the thin-lens
approximation.
Virtual Images
• Real Images
A real image is that image
which is formed when the
light rays coming from an
object actually meet each
other after reflection or
refraction

• Virtual Image
A virtual image is that
image which is formed when
the light rays coming from
an object do not actually
meet, but appear to meet
when produced backwards.
Virtual Objects
• The image
formed by the
first lens is
the object for
the second
lens, but this
object is on
the “wrong”
side of the
lens. Thus it
is called a
virtual object.
Paraxial Ray Tracing through Convex Spherical
Lenses
• First ray is drawn from the tip of the object through
Fa (anterior focal point) and it emerges from the lens
parallel to the optical axis.
• Second ray enters the ray parallel to the optical axis
exits throug Fp (posterior focal point)
• Third ray also called the central ray traverses the
optical center of the lens undeviated.
Paraxial Ray Tracing through Convex Spherical
Lenses
• If the object is placed inside the Fa
Paraxial Ray Tracing through Convex Spherical
Lenses
• All object points in the anterior focal plane focus to plus
optical infinity
Paraxial Ray Tracking through Concave
Spherical Lenses
• -First ray that pass through anterior focal point after refraction in
the divergent lens becomes parallel to the optical axis.
• Second ray is drawn parallel to the optical axis after refraction
diverge, prolongation passing through the anterior focal point.
• Third ray also called the central ray transverses the optical center
of the lens undeviated.
Paraxial Ray Tracing through Concave
Spherical Lenses
• If the object is placed inside the anterior focal point.
Thick Lenses
• The image formed by the first surface is treated as
an object for the second surface.
• Power of thick lens equals P=Pf+Pb-(t/n1)*Pf*Pb
Focal Length
• Focal Lengths is the distance between the center of a
convex lens or a concave mirror and the focal point
of the lens or mirror — the point where parallel rays
of light meet, or converge.
Ophthalmic Prisms
• Thin prism have no dioptric power but can be
combined with dioptric lenses in a refractive correction.
• The orientation of a prism is specified in terms of the
position of the base and axis.
• Prism is prescribed for various reasons, strabismus (the
most common reason), convergence problems,
hemianopia etc.
Prism Diopter
• The unit of measurement of the deviation of
light in passing through a prism, being a
deflection of 1 cm at a distance of 1 m.

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