This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of organizational behavior are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizational settings. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and environment. Fundamental concepts discussed include the nature of people, organizations, and basic approaches like the human resource, contingency, productivity, and systems approaches.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of organizational behavior are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizational settings. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and environment. Fundamental concepts discussed include the nature of people, organizations, and basic approaches like the human resource, contingency, productivity, and systems approaches.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of organizational behavior are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizational settings. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and environment. Fundamental concepts discussed include the nature of people, organizations, and basic approaches like the human resource, contingency, productivity, and systems approaches.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of organizational behavior are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizational settings. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and environment. Fundamental concepts discussed include the nature of people, organizations, and basic approaches like the human resource, contingency, productivity, and systems approaches.
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ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR Organizational Behavior
• is the study and application of
knowledge about how people –as individuals and as groups –act within organizations. • is a scientific discipline in which large number or research studies and conceptual developments are constantly adding to its knowledge base. Organizational Behavior
• it is also an applied science, in that
information about effective practices in one organizations are being extended to many others. • provide a useful set of tools at many levels of analysis GOALS: 1. to describe – how people behave under a variety of conditions 2. to understand – why people behave as they do. 3. to predict – which employees might be dedicated and productive or which might be absent, tardy or disruptive on a certain day 4. to control – motivate, reduce stress and improve team effort ELEMENTS:
PEOPLE STRUCTURE
TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT People:
• make up the internal social system of the organization.
• consists of individuals and groups. • are the living, thinking, feeling beings who work in the organization to achieve their objectives. Structure
• Defines the formal relationship of people in organizations.
• Number of people working at different levels & performing different jobs • These relationships create complex problems of cooperation, negotiation and decision-making. Technology
• provides the resources with which people work and affects
the tasks that they perform. • its great benefit is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways. Environment
• An organization operate within an internal and an external
environment. • A single organization does not exist alone. • It influences the attitudes of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. It must be considered in the study of human behavior in organizations. KEY ELEMENTS IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
People
Organization
Structure Technology
Environment FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
• The nature of people • The nature of organizations
– Individual differences – Social system – Perception – Mutual interest – A whole person – Motivated behavior – Desire for involvement – Value of the person THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: Individual differences • every human is unique & different from the other, on account of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). • managers cannot deal with all employees in the same way and each must be handled differently. THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: Perception • the unique way in which each person sees, organizes and interprets things, perceptions differ in two individuals because of differences in their personality, needs and values. • Selective perception is tendency to interpret what one sees on basis of their interests, backgrounds, experiences and attitudes. THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: A Whole Person - impossible to separate home & family life of a person from work life, or to separate physical characteristics of an individual from his emotional characteristics. - Employees play many more roles outside the work place, what happens outside affects his performance at work. THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: Motivated Behavior • human actions are intentional & purposeful, behavior has causes which may be related to his needs or consequences. • 2 basic ways in which managers can motivate: – By showing employees how certain desirable behavior will be rewarded – By threatening employees that undesirable actions will be punished • THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: Desire for Involvement • employees have a strong desire to contribute to their organization, they seek opportunities to utilize their knowledge, talents & skills for success of organization, they have a strong desire to share ideas & be involved in decision making. THE NATURE OF PEOPLE: Value of the Person • organizations must treat their employees with care, respect & dignity, not as mere economic tools, human beings need to be valued for their skills & abilities. THE NATURE OF ORGANIZATION Social Systems • Sociology tells that organizations are social systems. • Their behavior is influenced by their group as well as their by their individual drives. • Two types of social systems exist side by side in the organization- the formal (official ) social system and the informal social system- each influencing and getting influenced by the other. THE NATURE OF ORGANIZATION Mutual Interest • There is a mutuality of interest between the organization and its employees. • Organization needs employees to reach its objectives and people need organizations to help them reach individual objectives. • Mutual interest provides a superordinate goal – one that can be attained only through the integrated efforts of individuals and their employees. THE NATURE OF ORGANIZATION Ethics • is the use of moral principles and values to affect the behavior of individuals and organizations with regard to choices between what is right and wrong. • When organization’s goals and actions are ethical, individual, organizational and social objectives are more likely to be met. BASIC APPROACHES
• Human Resource Approach
• Contingency Approach • Productivity Approach • Systems Approach BASIC APPROACHES Human Resource Approach • considers people as the most important resource, primary focus is on growth & development, making people competent, creative & fulfilled. • this approach is supportive & hence also called Supportive Approach. BASIC APPROACHES Contingency Approach • This approach recognizes that each organization is unique & so are its problems, hence different methods of behavioral practices needs to be adopted for different situations. BASIC APPROACHES Productivity Approach • Productivity is ratio of output to input, it is greater if an organization is able to increase its output & reduce inputs • OB wants to improve productivity & effectiveness, but OB also takes into account human, social & economic inputs. BASIC APPROACHES System Approach • All departments of an organization are interconnected and interdependent parts of a larger system. • this approach emphasizes that organization is a system of many variables, each variable is affected by others, there are many subsystems in a large system, every subsystem requires some input & produces some output, systems have the ability to produce positive & negative results/consequences, these consequences may be intended or unintended, there are long term and short term effects of these outcomes.