HOCH

Lesson 4

1
§33. The Passive Voice
§34. The Present Tense Passive of the Circumstantial Forms
§35. The Past Tense Passive of the Circumstantial Forms
§36. A Variation on the Statement of Fact: Noun+sDm.f
§37. Another Variation on the Statement of Fact: iw.f sDm.f
§38. Circumstantial Clauses that modify Nouns:
The Relative Clause with Indefinite Antecedent
§39. The Dependent Pronouns
§40. Feminine and Plural Forms of the Particle mk
§43. An Overview of Adjectives
§44. The Predicate Adjective
§45. The exclamatory wy
§46. The Impersonal Predicate Adjective + Dative
§47. The Independent Use of the Feminine Singular
§48. The Adjective + Noun: A Bound Construction
§49. The Comparison of Adjectives #2
§50. The Superlative Notion 2
From Lesson 3,§29. The Circumstantial sDm.f Form #1

Verb Forms
§29 circumstantial active sDm.f
Verb Forms in
§30 past circumst. Active sDm.n.f Lesson 3
§34 present circumst. passive
Verb Forms in
§35 past circumst. passive Lesson 4
§57 infinitive
§72 1st prospective active
§72 1st prospective passive
§84 Stative

Active voice Subject performs the action Bob throws the ball
Passive voice The action is done to the subject The ball is thrown by Bob
3
Circumstantial Forms

4
§33. The Passive Voice

active voice “He eats lots of olives.”

passive voice “Lots of olives are eaten by him.”

Active voice Subject performs the action Jack hits Jill

Passive voice The action is done to the subject Jill is hit by Jack

There are two ways of forming the passive

The most common uses the verbal infix ·tw

5
§34. The Passive of the Circumstantial Forms: Present Tense
sDm.f present tense active
sDm.tw.f present tense passive

iw sDm.tw r.f
His words are heard.

An agent may be specified by the particle? in “by.”

iw mAA.tw.f in s nb
6 Q7b
He is seen by everyone.
§35. The Past Tense Passive of the Circumstantial Forms:

The past tense circumstantial passive form is sDm(w).f

iw nHm(w) Hm.f in pHty.f aA

Q3b
His Majesty is rescued by his great strength.

Take care, the w of the sDm(w).f passive is regularly 7left off, the forms
tend to look like present tense, active circumstantial sDm.f forms
Remember slide Lesson 3, §28. Verb Classes?
Classes Root Form sDm.f Form sDm.n.f
Strong AB AB AB.n
Verbs ABC ABC ABC.n
ABi, ABw
ABi, ABw Abi.n, Abw.n
Weak or ABy
Verbs ABCi or
ABCi or ABCw ABCi.n or ABCw.n
ABCw
Doubling
ABB ABB AB.n
verbs

8
See Hoch Appendix 1
 Passive present Passive past

Classes Root Form sDm.tw.f Form sDm(w).f

Strong AB AB.tw AB.(w)
Verbs ABC ABC.tw ABC.(w)

ABi, ABw ABi.tw ABi/ABw(w)

Weak
Verbs ABCi or
ABCw
Doubling
ABB ABB.tw
verbs

http://bobmanske.com/hochverbforms.shtml
9
§36. A Variation on the Statement of Fact: Noun+sDm.f
Instead of starting with iw or mk, one can simply place the noun that
would be the subject of the sentence at the head of the sentence.

imn Htp Dd.f n Dws(.i) s n Hry-tp.f

Amenhotep he says I not denounce man to his superior
How does this fit on the grid?

10
Q4b
§37. Another Variation on the Statement of Fact: iw.f sDm.f
iw.f sDm.f construction produces a very light sense of emphasis

iw.r n(y) s n Hm.f sw

A man’s words saves he/it Him
See §39

11
Q1b
§38. Circumstantial Clauses that modify Nouns:
The Relative Clause with Indefinite Antecedent
•Circumstantial clauses usually describe the
circumstances under which a main clause is true:
because, since, for, when, as, while, whenever

•If it modifies the noun, it is a relative clause:

who, which, that

12
§38.#2 The Relative Clause

Everything from 'nDs' on goes in the O slot in the first line, not the A slot
where it would go if it were simply additional information.

13
§39. The Dependent Pronouns #1

14
§39. The Dependent Pronouns #2

The basic use of the dependent pronouns is as the direct object of verbs

Dependent pronouns when used as the direct object of a verb get as

close to the verb as they can, and they precede the subject when it is a
noun.

15
§39. The Dependent Pronouns #3 reflex

bAkt n(y)t wab pn wab.s sy

servant girl of this wab priest bathes herself

Although the reflex is mentioned in §39,

it is dealt with later in lesson 7

16 Q1b
§40. Feminine and Plural Forms of the Particle m.k behold
Why the dot in m.k?
m·k contains the 2nd masc. sing.suffix
pronoun (·k) and is used when addressing
a single male individual (and in written
documents and literature).

When addressing a female

When addressing a group of people

17
§43. An Overview of Adjectives #1
1) As a Qualifier: modifying a noun, We did this in Lesson 3
§20. Adjectives that describe the noun. (modifiers)

Good boat dpt nfrt

Good boats Dp(w)t nfr(w)t

Good house pr nfr

Good houses pr(w) nfrw

18
adjectives as qualifiers follow the noun they modify
§43. An Overview of Adjectives #2
1) As a Qualifier: modifying a noun, continued…….

adjectives pn, tn, and nb are used before other adjectives.

19
§43. An Overview of Adjectives #3
1) As a Qualifier: modifying a noun, continued…….

do not follow the noun because

they are not adjectives, but nouns
meaning “(an)other one.”

20
§43. An Overview of Adjectives #4
2) As a Predicate: forming a sentence,

Every sentence has a subject and predicate.

More to come on predicates in ~ §44. The Predicate Adjective…

21
§43. An Overview of Adjectives #5
3) As a Noun: We did this in Lesson 3
§21. Adjectives used as nouns
The adjective can stand on its own as a noun

nDs poor (man)

nfrt beautiful woman

nfrt pretty cow

nfrt a good thing22

§44. The Predicate Adjective #1
Every sentence has a subject and predicate.

•The adjective, used as predicate, occurs only in sentence initial position

i.e. as the first word of the sentence.
•It occurs almost always without introductory particle.
It can be preceded by m.k, but never by iw.
•The predicate adjective is invariable with regard to gender and number
and does not agree with the subject.
•Tense is not present in sentences employing the predicate adjective.
•Compound predicate adjectives are not permitted.
“The boat was big and beautiful.”
23
§44. The Predicate Adjective #2 Examples

24
§44. The Predicate Adjective #3 The grid

From the Study Notes:

How do you grid these things?
They're identical to the subject of the sentence. And they're
not pronouns, so they all must go in the big “S” slot.

25
is known as the “exclamatory wy.”

26
Q2b
§46. The Impersonal Predicate Adjective + Dative

The predicate adjective, without a subject, can be followed by a dative

27
§47. The Independent Use of the Feminine Singular

The fem. sing. form of the adjective that means:

•“something that is .. . ,”
•“what is . .. ,”
•“a ...thing.”

28
§48. The Adjective + Noun: A Bound Construction

“whose love is sweet,” or “lovable.”

29
§49. The Comparison of Adjectives #1

•In Egyptian there are no superlative forms of adjectives:

big, bigger, biggest.

•In Egypt things were not just “good” they were:

the best in the entire land

or
so fine that nothing like them had ever been seen
(or done) since the era of the primeval gods.

•The preposition r can be used to mean: with respect to or compared to.

It’s known as the r of comparison.

30
§49. The Comparison of Adjectives #2

My son is big by comparison to the son of this scribe.

It was finer than anything.

more than anything. 31

§50. The Superlative Notion

Great or greatest

Great one of the great ones

Grand one of the grandest ones

32
 HOCH
Lesson 4
Exercise 4b
Refer to
HOCH 2013 Collations
Hoch-04PVsioSOA.pdf

33
Q1b Vocab

34
Q1b

iw bAkt n(y)t wab pn wab.s sy m S Hna sAwt.f nb(w)t

with
fact servant of wab this bathes in pool daughters
his all
girl priest herself

P V s i o S A
iw wab .s sy bAkt n(y)t wab pn m S Hna sAwt.f nb(w)t
preposed

The servant girl of this wab priest bathes herself in the pool together
with all of his daughters.
See Slide §36 35
HOCH 2013 Collations
Hoch-04PVsioSOA.pdf

36
Q2b Vocab

honey
bit
Noun (masculine)

sweet; pleasant of taste

bnr
Adjective

taste; experience
dpt
Noun (feminine)

37
Q2b

bnr wy dpt n(y)t bit nfr sy r xt nbt m tA pn

sweet how taste of honey it is better than all things in this land

PV si o S A
bnr wy dpt n(y)t bit
nfr sy r xt nbt m tA pn

How sweet the taste of this honey. It is better than all things in this land.

38
Q3b Vocab
His Majesty
Hm.f
Epithet

to rescue
nHm
Verb Tri-Consonantal Strong
Past Tense Passive?
nHm(w)
strength; power (of Gods, Kings)
pHty
Noun (masculine)

by; through
in
39
Preposition
Q3b

iw nHm(w) Hm.f in phty.f aA

rescued his Majesty by his strength great

P V S O A
iw nHm(w) Hm.f in Phty.f aA

His Majesty was rescued by means of his great strength

40
Q4b Vocab

plan; idea; (piece of) advice

sxr
Noun (masculine)

41
Q4b

nfr sA.i sDm.f n it.f iw.f m Xrd

My good son he listens to his father he is as a child

nfrwy n.f sxr pn m Ib.f ra nb

how good for him this plan in his heart every day

P V s S O A
sDm .f nfr sA.i n it.f ………….all the rest

preposed

My good son, he listens to his father while he is a child, how good it is

42
for him to have this advice in his heart everyday
Q5b Vocab
to give; to put; to place
rdi
Verb (irregular)

poor man; commoner

nDs
Noun (masculine)

to find
gmi
Verb Third- Weak

road; path; side

wAt
Noun (feminine)
43
Q5b

iw rdi.n.s t n nDs gm.n.s sw Hr wAt n(y)t

niwt tn
She gave bread to poor man she had him upon road
found road of this city

P V s O A
iw rdi.n .s t n nDs gm.n.s sw Hr wAt n(y)t niwt tn

She gave bread to the poor man when she had found him upon the road of this city.
44
Q6b Vocab

be ignorant
Xm
Verb Bi-Consonantal Strong

taste; experience
dpt
Noun (feminine)

45
Q6b

iw.i m Hm-nTr xm.f dpt nt Dw

I as a priest not know he experience of misfortune

P V S O A
iw.i m Hm-nTr xm.f dpt nt Dw

I, as a priest he does not know experience of misfortune

46
Q7b Vocab

great; large; grand

aA
Adjective

47
Q7b

iw rdi.tw n.k Hmw aAw pHty Hna Hmwt nfr(w)t ib

are given to you men large strong with slave girls with
slaves good heart

P V SO A
iw rdi.tw n.k Hmw aAw pHty Hna Hmwt nfr(w)t ib

Large, strong male slaves are given to you

together with slaves girls with good hearts 48
Q8b Vocab
to do; make; carry out (a project)
iri
Verb Root (Third Weak)

to learn; to find out; to know

(sDm. n .f) past tense
rx
Verb Stong (Bi Consonantal)

overseer; superintendent
imy-r
Epithet

49
….Q8b Vocab

construction project
kAt
Noun (feminine)

excellent; dependable;
reliable; worthy
iqr
Adjective

50
Q8b

iw ir.n n.i Hm.f xt nbt nfrt rx.n.f wi m imy-r kAwt

made to/for his everything good he knew me as overseer
me majesty construction

iqr r imy-r kAwt nb m tA pn

worthy more all construction in this land
than overseers
P V i S O A
iw ir.n n.i Hm.f xt nbt nfrt rx.n.f…………

His Majesty did everything good he knew for me as construction

51
overseer more worthy than any other construction overseer in this land.
Q9b Vocab
many (of people);
numerous (of people);
rich (m in/with things)
aSA
Adjective

52
Q9b

aA.wy pr.T pn aSA sw m xt nbt nfrt

how great this house is rich it with all good things.
of yours

P V S OA
aA.wy pr.T pn aSA sw m xt nbt nfrt

How great is this house of yours; it is rich with all good things
53
Q10b Vocab

true; fair; just; right; correct

mAa
Adjective

54
Q10bi

iw gmi nDs Dd.f m ib mAa

fact finds poor man his voice in a true heart

P V S O A
gmi nDs Dd.f m ib mAa

The poor man finds his voice in a true heart

55
Q10bii

iw gm(w) nDs Dd.f m ib mAa

fact found poor man his voice from a true heart

P V S O A
iw gm(w) nDs Dd.f m ib mAa
Dd .f m ib mAa

The poor man was found. He speaks from a true heart

56
 HOCH
Lesson 4
Exercise 4c

57
Q1c

iw bAkt n(y)t wab pn wab.s sy m S sAwt.f nb(w)t

bathes daughters
fact servant
girl of wab
priest this in pool his all
herself

Type ~wAb, verb-class tri-consonantal (3-lit), verb-form circumstantial

sDm.f , active voice, present tense

Function ~verb in statement of fact sentence with subject s and

reflexive dependent pronoun sy

58
Q2c

bnr wy dpt n(y)t bit nfr sy r xt nbt m tA pn

sweet how taste of honey it is better than all things in this land

bnr.wy
Form ~ adjective dual masc.
Function ~ exclamatory .wy as predicate adjective to dpt nt bit.

sy
Form ~ dependent pronoun 3 fs “her”
Function ~ subject in a subordinate adjectival non-verbal clause

59
Q3c

iw nHm(w) Hm.f in phty.f aA

rescued his Majesty by his strength great

nHm(w)
Type ~verb nHm, verb-class tri-consonantal (3-lit), circumstantial
sDm(w).f, passive voice, past tense
Function ~verb in statement of fact sentence with Hm.f as subject

Hm.f
Form ~noun ms + suffixpronoun 3 ms
Function ~ subject of verb nHm
60
Q4c

nfr sA.i sDm.f n it.f iw.f m xrd

My good son he listens to his father he is as a child

sDm.f
Type ~verb sDm, verb-class tri-consonantal (3-lit), verb-form
circumstantialsDm.f, active voice, present tense; suffix pronoun 3 ms

Function ~verb in statement of fact sentence starting with a noun

instead of iw, subject .f

61
Q5c

iw rdi.n.s t n nDs gm.n.s

sw Hr wAt n(y)t
niwt tn
She gave bread to poor man she found him upon road
road of this city

t
Form ~ noun ms
Function~object in statement of fact verbal sentence

62
Q6c

iw.i m Hm-nTr xm.f dpt nt Dw

I as a priest not know he experience of misfortune

m Hm-nTr
Form ~ m of predication, Hm ~ noun ms, nTr ~ noun ms
bound construction (direct genitive) with honorific transposition

Function ~ adverbial comment

63
Q7c

iw di.tw n.k Hmw aAw pHty Hna Hmwt nfr(w)t ib

are given to you men large strong with slave girls with
slaves good heart

di.tw
Type~verb rdi, verb-class irregular (anom), verb-form circumstantial
sDm.tw.f form, passive voice, present tense
Function ~ verb in statement of fact sentence

n.k
n = preposition, dative
k = suffix pronoun 2 ms
Form ~dative unit 64
Function ~ indirect object
Q8c

w ir.n n.i Hm.f xt nbt nfrt rx.n.f wi m imy-r kAwt

made to/for his everything good he knew me as overseer
me majesty construction

iqr r imy-r kAwt nb m tA pn

worthy more all construction in this land
than overseers

verb iri, circumstantial sDm.n.f, active voice, past tense

verb in statement of fact main clause, subject Hm.f, indirect object n.i
verb rx, circumstantial sDm.n.f, active voice, past tense
verb in subordinate clause subject.f, indirect object wi

iqr adj. worthy in adverbial comment

65
Q9c

aA.wy pr.T pn aSA sw m xt nbt nfrt

how great this house is rich it with all good things.
of yours

sw
Form~dependent pronoun 3 ms

Function~topic for predicate adjective aSA

66
Q10cii

iw gm(w) nDs Dd.f m ib mAa

fact found poor man his voice from a true heart

nDs
Form ~ noun ms

Function ~ subject in statement of fact main clause with verb gm(w) in

passive voice and past tense

67
 HOCH
Lesson 4
Exercise 4d

68
Q1d How fine is this house of yours!
Here it is in my sight (lit. “face”) like heaven!

fine how house your this he is in sight my like heaven

nfr.wy pr.k pn iw.f m Hr.i mi pt

69
Q2d
A man remembers a bad thing, (although) he does not know the good
therein.

remembers man bad thing not know he good therein

sxA s xt Dwt xm.f nfrt im

70
Q3d
(See,) you are with me as a servant woman.

behold you with me in the capacity of servant woman

mT.Tn Hna.i m bAkt

71
Q4d

She is meaner (“bad”) than her daughter.

She is bad more than her daughter

72
Q5d
Behold, misfortune is on every road.

Behold misfortune upon road every

mk Dwt Hr wAt nbt

73
Q6d
We were found on the road by a servant of our Good Lord who had
been sent from (m) the palace.
fact found we on the road by servant of Good Lord our
iw gm(w) n Hr wAt in bAk n(y) nb nfr.n

sent he from (m) the palace

hAb(w).f m pr-nsw

74
Q7d

Everyone is in joy when they hear it.

fact everyone in joy hear they it

iw s nb m rSwt sDm.n st

75
Q8d
Here is a woman who lives in this city.

behold woman lives she in this city.

mk st hmsi.s m niwt tn

76
Q9d
How excellent is this plan of yours, upon my heart, my lord!

How excellent plan your this upon heart my lord my

ikr.wy sxr.k pn Hr ib.i nb.i

77
Q10d
My father likes bread more than honey.

fact likes father my bread more than honey

iw mr it.i t r bit

78