Telematics Grade 11 Hypothesis Testing Final

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
GRADE 11
14 OCTOBER 2012
HOW DOES SCIENCE WORK?
 Fundamental knowledge built on scientific

evidence and verified findings;
 Observing;
 Investigating;
 Making measurements (understand scaling);
 Collecting and presenting data;
 Identifying patterns and relationships in data;
 Communicating findings
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 2
 From the beginning of our existence,
humans have been curious as to why and
how things happen in the world around us.
The scientific method provides us a
structured scientific platform to help us find
the answers… With the scientific method,
the sky is the limit!
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy

Botha and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 3
Plan and execute an
investigation by using the
Scientific Method
(i) Formulate a QUESTION for the
investigation
(ii) Formulate a HYPOTHESIS.
(iii) Design an EXPERIMENT
◦ AIM
◦ APPARATUS
◦ DETERMINE THE VARIABLES
◦ METHOD
Plan and execute an
investigation by using the
Scientific Method…Continued
(iv) Do the INVESTIGATION
(v) ANALYSE and PROCESS the
results
(vi) Make CONCLUSIONS ACCEPT
(vii) TEST HYPOTHESIS
REJECT
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha and
Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 5
Do Research to support your investigation
 Become informed on the

topic of your research.
Wetenskaptydskrifte
Scientific journals are
en joernale
a good
isplace
‘n goeie
to start
beginpunt
doing background
om
agtergeondkennis
research.
op te doen.
◦ Background research also

helps narrow broad questions
into focus/research questions.
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha and Carlyn
Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 6
 An observation, then….
A FOCUS QUESTION: This is a

question that regulates/drives
the investigation
 We are observing various
biological systems, relationships
and phenomena happening
around us all the time.
 The observations one can make
are endless and range anything
from:
- noticing ‘n An
your heart rate increase when you
electrocardiogram (EKG)
Elektrokardiogram
(ECG)
meet diemeasures the
hart se elektriese
are nervous to…
heart’s electrical activity.
aktiwiteit.
- the
relationship between predator and
prey in a particular habitat.
 Observations naturally lead onto
questions about the phenomena
being observed.
It is important to keep an eye on populations
of species within a community.
◦ A literature review on all the background research.
◦ A research proposal.
◦ Funding of the investigation/research.
◦ Moral and ethical considerations.
◦ Conducting a pilot study.
 Aims can vary and don’t necessarily have to
relate to the hypothesis
TO ........
 E.g. TO determine how the
amount of moisture would
affect the number of
germinating seeds
Writing an Aim
◦ To determine...
◦ To show that...
◦ To investigate...
◦ To find out...
◦ To observe...
◦ To measure...
Do not write ‘To prove...’ because not only will
your investigation more than likely not get to this
stage, but also because many scientists believe
that nothing is proven absolute.

 A is a possible explanation to an observation
that can be supported through experimentation.
 Educated statement as to your prediction of the outcome
of the investigation.
 All good hypotheses …
Q: How does the

amount of water
affect the number of
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and
Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy
germinating seeds?
Botha and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt
designed by Carlyn Oppelt
14
May be formulated as follows:
 How does the independent variable affect the

dependent variable?
 Example:

 :is a Statement that serves as a
possible answer to a Focus
Question.
 The statement should be

and must be by
background knowledge.
 Must include the two
variables –
and .
 Must show the
relationship between the
variables.
 Must be testable.
 Must be a statement!
A HYPOTHESIS: A Statement that is the
answer to the focus question. It must be
testable and informed by background
knowledge.
 May be written as follows for continuous
data:
 If the independent variable changes, then the
dependent variable changes
 Example:
 If the level of moisture increases then the
number of seeds that will germinate will also
increase
THE VARIABLES
Variablesare factors
that are subject to

THE VARIABLES- remember this…
:( cause) is the factor
that CHANGES (being manipulated) by the
investigator
: (effect) is the factor

that the investigator MEASURES
: factors that
are being kept CONSTANT throughout the
investigation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN AIM AND A HYPOTHESIS
 The is usually what you

intend to investigate.
is a prediction
of the outcome of the
investigation.
and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt
21
SO WHAT IS THE CONTROL?
The scientific ‘ ’ of an investigation is

an experiment that is done
but where the
, the variable that the investigator
changes, .
 This reinforces that the cause of the

change in the dependent variable is
due to the independent variable only.
Increased light intensity will increase the
growth of Pelargoniums .
Higher salaries are earned by studying
more years at an educational institution.
Populations living at higher altitudes, can
hold their breath for longer under water.
VARIABLES AND DATA
 Data are the that are

collected from
 There are various types of data

that effect the way we collect
and report our investigation.

TYPES OF DATA
= descriptive data,
non-numerical
 E.g. colour, names, sex, absence or
presence).
= numerical data,
measurements or counts can be made (e.g.
height (1.5m – 2.2m), mass, length,
number)

= data that has
joined values or in between values (e.g.
height: 1.5m – 2.2m).
= values that are

discrete from one another, no in between
values (e.g. number of children in a class: 23,
24, 25)
 Steps
to consider when
planning an
investigation:
 The
focus question, then
plan the investigation:
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and
Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy
designed by Carlyn Oppelt 27
 Once variables have been identified, you
need to decide how these variables will be
set and measured.
 You need to be clear on the type and
quantity of data that you collect.
of an investigation:
◦ Planning the investigation.
◦ Reporting the investigation.
of an investigation:
◦ Laboratory work.
◦ Field work (natural system).

Setting up IV:
Change light intensity = different
quantities of shade cloth,
placing pelargonium’s in
different parts of a
greenhouse….
Increased light intensity will

increase the growth rate of
pelargonium's.
Important! Measuring DV:
‘Rate’ means that time Height/Time = use a measuring
must be involved. How can tape, use a ruler or placing a
you ensure that you wooden rod next to plant
measure a growth rate? and marking height at set
time intervals.
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 29
Measuring DV:
Amount of money = Survey
question asking to tick the
appropriate income bracket.
Higher salaries are earned after more

years spent studying in educational
institutions.
Setting up IV:
Years spent studying = Survey seems
to be the easiest way to get this
type of data – “How many years did
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and you spend studying in
Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy educational institutions?”
designed by Carlyn Oppelt
30
 You’ve decided on how
you want to test your
hypothesis including how
you are going to collect
your data.
 Two things to consider Setting up a Polymerase Chain Reaction

(PCR) in a biomedical laboratory.
before doing an
experiment are:
◦ Sample Size
 Particularly important when
doing field work.
◦ Replication
Laying out transects to investigate ant
populations.
31
(n) is the
number of sampling units
being investigated within any
given population.
◦ Sampling units for example
could be the number of
individual organisms, transects
or quadrants.
◦ This way you have a better

representation of the
An investigation may be on a
population.
population of impala (above)
so a sample group (right) n=
◦ It accounts for any natural
3 was selected to be studied variability that may be present in
your sample groups.
as a representation of the
impala population.
◦ You can have greater confidence

in your data.
32
refers to the number of times you
your entire experimental design (including
controls).
◦ This .
◦ Increasing your sample size doesn’t necessarily mean
you’ve replicated the experiment more times.
The
Water Regime: Water Regime: Water Regime: experiment to
0ml water/day
@ 15°C, pH 7
500ml water/day
@ 15°C, pH 7
1000ml
water/day @ the left has
(control) 15°C, pH 7 been repeated
only twice.
Water Regime: Water Regime: Water Regime: The sample

0ml water/day 500ml water/day 1000ml size (n) = 3
@ 15°C, pH 7 @ 15°C, pH 7 water/day @
(control) 15°C, pH 7
33
: refers to experimental procedure:
 Were all the being kept
constant?
 Does the investigation only test
at a time?

: refers to the results
 If the investigation should be ,
would the results be the same?
 If the , would
the results remain the same?
 The apparatus consisted of four flattened,
inter-connecting covered dishes.
 Two of these dishes were placed in dark and
two in light conditions.
 Moist paper was placed in one of the two
dishes in the dark and one of the two dishes
in the light.
 Ten woodlice were placed in each of the four
dishes and allowed to move freely between
the dishes.
 The number of woodlice present in each dish
after 15 minutes is shown in the diagram.
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha and Carlyn Oppelt and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 36
 OBSERVE/NOTE
 SET UP TABLES
 SET UP GRAPHS
 ANALYSE RESULTS
 MAKE DEDUCTIONS
 EVALUATE RESULTS
Writing a discussion is one of the most
important sections of the scientific report
as it is where the worth of your
investigation can be made clear.
 A Scientific procedure is where the
variables are all FIXED VARIABLES (i.e.
no variables are being manipulated)
 A Scientific investigation is where the

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (at least ONE
variable) is being manipulated /
changed to turn it into an
investigation
Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha and Carlyn Oppelt
and ppt designed by Carlyn Oppelt 38

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1

 Fundamental knowledge built on scientific

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy

 Become informed on the

◦ Background research also

A FOCUS QUESTION: This is a

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

Q: How does the

 How does the independent variable affect the

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy

 The statement should be

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

: (effect) is the factor

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy

 The is usually what you

The scientific ‘ ’ of an investigation is

 This reinforces that the cause of the

 Data are the that are

 There are various types of data

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

= values that are

Compiled by Nontobeko Mjali and Gerry Noel, translated by Tommy Botha

Increased light intensity will

Higher salaries are earned after more

 Two things to consider Setting up a Polymerase Chain Reaction

◦ This way you have a better

◦ You can have greater confidence

Water Regime: Water Regime: Water Regime: The sample

 A Scientific investigation is where the

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