INDIA AND
PAKISTAN SINCE
INDEPENDENCE
PARTITION
JINNAH AND PAKISTAN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ
_BJl0M&feature=fvw
BORDER CEREMONY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lm
BqGs
The problem of
Kashmir
Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority
territory
India accuses Pakistan of waging a
proxy war by arming militants
Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu
Kashmiris never voted;
extremists/separatists were born
Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its
ally?
Indian Politics Nehru (1947)>>
<<Indira Gandhi
(1966-77, 80-84)
Rajiv Gandhi>>
(1984-89)
>> Singh (2004-now)
NEHRU
FIVE YEAR PLANS
SOCIALIST ECONOMY
NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR
LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED
CIVIL SERVICE INTACT
INDIA A “ONE-PARTY
DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was
very popular and respected
Prime minister 1948-1966,
when he died
INDIRA GANDHI
NEHRU’S DAUGHTER
NOT RELATED TO
MAHATMA GANDHI
POPULAR BUT
ECONOMY DID
POORLY IN 1970s
P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-
84. ASSASSINATED
BY A SIKH
BODYGUARD.
A FAKE “EMERGENCY” –
INDIA REMAINS A
DEMOCRACY
INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO
GAIN DICTATORIAL
POWERS WHEN SHE’S
ACCUSED OF
CORRUPTION IN 1975
JANATA DAL PARTY
DEFEATS CONGRESS IN
ELECTIONS IN 1977,
RESTORES FULL
DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL
RIGHTS – First time
Congress party is defeated.
DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS,
INDIA REMAINS
COMMITTED TO POLITICAL
DEMOCRACY
RAJIV GANDHI
INDIRA’S SON
POPULAR
INTERVENES IN SRI
LANKA CIVIL WAR
P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL
ASSASSINATED BY
TAMIL SEPARATISTS
IN 1991
MORE GANDHIS
Indira’s other son,
Sanjay, died in a
plane crash in 1980.
Rajiv’s widow, Sonia,
is Italian-born. She
is president of the
Congress party.
Controversy about
whether she should
run for higher office.
ECONOMIC REFORMS –
1991 – THE BIG CHANGE
MANMOHAN SINGH
becomes finance
minister in 1991
Engineers major reforms
to loosen up government
control of the economy
Economic takeoff in past
17 years.
Singh is currently Prime
Minister
Member of Congress
Party
INDIA’S ECONOMIC
GROWTH
HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONS
Ayodhya riots
Mumbai riots
1992-93. Thousands
dead.
HINDU NATIONALISM
BJP Party wins national
elections in 1998.
Favors confrontation
with Pakistan
Develop nuclear
weapons program,
acccomplish little else.
INDIA’S ASSETS
GOOD TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY
BRITISH (RAILROAD
NETWORK)
PUSH FOR EDUCATION –
MANY WELL-TRAINED
PEOPLE
HUGE MIDDLE CLASS
HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –
CENTERED IN BANGALORE
WORLD’S BIGGEST
DEMOCRACY
POLITICAL STABILITY
COMMON USE OF ENGLISH
BY EDUCATED PEOPLE
ABLE TO FEED ITSELF
THANKS TO “GREEN
REVOLUTION”
BOLLYWOOD
WORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE
INDUSTRY
INDIA’S PROBLEMS
MASSIVE POVERTY
CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS
THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –
TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with
China
NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN
INDIAN PARADOX –
POVERTY AND POWER
PAKISTAN AND
BANGLADESH – Countries
which were Muslim parts
of British India before
partition
PAKISTAN
ORIGINALLY TWO
TERRITORIES, A
THOUSAND MILES
APART, SPEAKING
TWO UNRELATED
LANGUAGES
WEST PAKISTAN
DOMINATED
WEST PAKISTAN HAD
FERTILE LAND ONLY
IN THE INDUS RIVER
SYSTEM
POLITICAL HISTORY
PAKISTAN
ALTERNATED
BETWEEN
ELECTED
DEMOCRACY AND
MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP
Shown at left:
Zulfikar and Benazir
Bhutto
Pakistan PoliticsJinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto>> (1973-77)
(1988-90, 93-96)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)
Zardari (now)
<< Musharraf
(1999-2008)
CREATION OF
BANGLADESH
In 1970s, Pakistani
dictator Ayub Khan
cracked down on
politicians inEast
Pakistan.
In 1971 election, East
Pakistani leader Sheik
Mujibur Rahman (right)
won national elections.
The military government
refused to accept the
results.
East Pakistan seceded
and became
independent with help
from India.
BANGLADESH
Soon after
independence,
Bangladesh was hit
with massive floods
and famine
BANGLADESH
LAND OF RIVER
DELTAS – VERY
PRODUCTIVE LAND
PERIODIC FLOODING
BECAUSE OF
MONSOONS
EXTREME POVERTY
FEARS TODAY OF
ISLAMIC EXTREMISM
POLITICAL SYSTEM IS
DEMOCRATIC BUT
NOT VERY STABLE.
BANGLADESH FLOODING:
A PERENNIAL PROBLEM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_
v1Bnjc
PAKISTAN TODAY
MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP
SINCE 2000
HISTORICALLY, AN
ALLY OF THE U.S.
AMBIGUOUS ROLE
IN TERRORISM
Pakistan’s Ethnic groups
1. Punjabi: majority ethnic group that
dominates politics and army
2. Pashtun: mountain region on the border
of Afghanistan; government has little
control over them; fierce protectors of
their land & guests
3. Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by
feudal families, like the Bhuttos
4. Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin
PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION
WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM
In 1980, military
dictator of Pakistan
solidified his power
by passing
Islamization
program, instituting
sharia or Islamic law.
PAKISTANI
INTELLIGENCE
SECRETLY AIDED
THE TALIBAN IN
AFGHANISTAN, AND
IN TERROR
ATTACKS ON INDIA
FROM KASHMIR
MADRASAS
NORTHWEST FRONTIER
LITTLE
GOVERNMENT
CONTROL OVER
ARMED SEMI-
NOMADIC TRIBES
OSAMA PROBABLY
HIDING IN
MOUNTAINS THERE
THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”
PAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEAR
DEVICE IN DESERT IN
1998.
DR. A.Q. KHAN
RESPONSIBLE FOR
ITS SECRET
DEVELOPMENT, AND
SHARED
TECHNOLOGY WITH
“ROGUE STATES” LIKE
LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,
MAYBE OTHERS
NUCLEAR CRISIS
NEAR-NUCLEAR
CONFRONTATION OVER
KASHMIR IN 1998
THE END OF MUSHARAF?
Musharaf dismissed
the Supreme Court
after he stepped
down as head of the
army
Lawyers protested
ASSASSINATION OF
BENAZIR BHUTTO
Prior to
parliamentary
elections this year,
opposition leaders
were allowed back
into the country
Benazir Bhutto
returned, was
assassinated
NEW PRIME MINISTER
SWORN IN – TRANSITION
BACK TO DEMOCRACY?
Has freed imprisoned
judges
Army remains
strongest institution
in country
Rebellion in
Baluchistan province
Problems of poverty
and lack of
development