Microprocessor and Its Applications

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Microprocessor

and Its
Applications

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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
 A Microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable, clock-driven, register-based
electronic device that reads binary instruction
from a storage device called memory, accepts
binary data as input, process this input data
according to the instruction that have been read
and then provides results obtained from this
processing as output.

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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
 This programmable logic device can be used to
control various processes and devices. The
products that use microprocessor for controlling
its various processes are called
Microprocessor- based products.
 When microprocessor is used in the embedded
form of a larger system and it works as the
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer
,then it is called microcomputer .
 The communications and operations in the
microprocessors are based on the binary
numbers via 0 and1.These are called Bits.
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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
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 Microprocessor is a silicon chip that contains
the CPU where most calculations take place
 Microprocessors are distinguished by 3
characteristics
 Instruction set: the set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute
 Bandwidth: the number of bits processed in each
instruction
 Clock speed: (MHz) It determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute

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clock speed
 Clock speed is the rate at which a processor
can complete a processing cycle
 Its measured in MHz (megahertz) or GHz
(gigahertz) . One GHz equals 1,000 MHz, so a
speed of 2.4 GHz could also be expressed as
2,400 MHz.
 A (megahertz) is one-million cycles per second,
while a gigahertz is one-billion cycles per
second
 So a computer with a clock speed of 800MHz is
running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a
2.4GHz computer is running 2,400,000,000
cycles per second. 6
Microprocessor used as CPU.
 It is a single chip IC capable of performing
computing and making decisions during program
execution.
 It can be divided in to three sections
i. ALU
Performs computing functions such as arithmetic
operations and logical operations on data
ii. Register Unit
Used to store data temporarily.
iii. Control Unit
Provides the necessary timing and control signals to
all the operations.
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 CPU
The part of the central
processing unit that deals
with operations such as
addition, subtraction, and
multiplication of integers
and Boolean operations.
It receives control signals
from the control unit
telling it to carry out
these operations.

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 A register is a storage device that can hold a binary
number or series of bits.
 Most registers have the ability to shift, or rotate, the
bits from one position to another within the register or
out of the register to another circuit; therefore, these
devices are known as shift registers
 A chip is also called an integrated circuit. Generally it
is a small, thin piece of silicon onto which the
transistors making up the microprocessor have been
etched (fixed).
 A chip might be as large as an inch on a side and can
contain tens of millions of transistors.
 Simpler processors might consist of a few thousand
transistors etched (fixed) onto a chip just a few
millimeters square. 9
 Transistor is an electronic component used
in a circuit to control current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.

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Classification of MP
 MP are classified according to the number of
bits(word) that it can handle (move and process) at a
time.
 They are
 4-bit MP Ex: Intel 4004
 8-bit MP Ex: Intel 8085, Motorola 6800, Zilog Z80
 16-bit MP Ex: 8086 ,80186, 80286 and so on
 32-bit MP Ex: Intel pentium1,2,3,4…..
 64-bit MP Ex: AMD 64 etc…

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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
Application of Microprocessor

 For measurements, display and control of


current, voltage, temperature, pressure.
 For traffic control and industrial tool control.
 For speed control of machines.
 Computers, Mobiles, Washing machine
 Refrigerator, Robots, Intelligent systems
 Aircrafts
 Radars
 Etc….
Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
14

Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
Memory
 Memory is the ability to retain data for a period of time,
short or long.
 In digital system memory is a devoice that storing
information on temporary or permanent basis for future
reuse.
 Computer memory sizes are measured as follows:
 1 Kilobyte (Kb) = 1000 bytes (to be exact, 1024 bytes)
1 Megabyte (Mb) = 1,000,000 (1 million) bytes
1 Gigabyte (Gb) = 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) bytes
1 Terabyte (Tb) = 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) bytes
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
 ‘Ordinary’ memory used for storing programs which are
currently running and data which is being processed.
 This type of memory is volatile - it loses all its contents
as soon as the machine is switched off.
 Types of RAM
 Dynamic RAM or DRAM stores its information in
a cell containing a capacitor and transistor; because
of this design, these cells must be refreshed with
new voltage every few milliseconds allowing the
memory to keep its charge and hold the data as long
as needed.
 Because of this refreshing action the memory is
called dynamic. 16
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Low cost
2. Consumes less power
3. Can store as much data
4. Information stored on transistors
5. Needs to be refreshed

 Static RAM, SRAM is a type of memory that is faster


and more reliable than the more common DRAM (
dynamic RAM).
 The term static is derived from the fact that it doesn't need
to be refreshed like dynamic RAM. it is commonly only
used in cache and video card memory.
 Static RAM (SRAM)
1. four times more expensive
2. Very low access time
3. Can store ¼ as much
4. Information stored on flip-flops 17

5. No need for refreshing


 Buffer Memory:-
 An IC placed between two other ICs to boost the
load handling capability of source IC and to
provide electrical isolation.

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Read Only Memory (ROM)

 It is a type of Non-volatile memory chips


those contained permanent or semi-
permanent data
 It retains its contents even when the
computer is shut off.
 It is generally used to start your computer
up and load the operating system.
 Types of ROM
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PROM
 Short for programmable read-only
memory, a memory chip on which data
can be written only once. Once a program
has been written onto a PROM, it remains
there forever. Unlike RAM, PROMs retain
their contents when the computer is
turned off.

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 The difference between a PROM and a ROM
(read-only memory) is that a PROM is
manufactured as blank memory, whereas a
ROM is programmed during the
manufacturing process.

 To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a


special device called a PROM programmer
or PROM burner.
 The process of programming a PROM is
sometimes called burning the PROM.
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EPROM
 An EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory) is a special type of memory that retains its
contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The
ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible
to reprogram the memory. To write to and erase an
EPROM, you need a special device called a PROM
programmer or PROM burner.

 An EPROM differs from a PROM in that a PROM can


be written to only once and cannot be erased.
EPROMs are used widely in personal computers
because they enable the manufacturer to change the
contents of the PROM before the computer is actually
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shipped.
 What is an EEPROM?
 Pronounced double-ee-prom or e-e-prom, short for
electrically erasable programmable read-only memory.
EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like
other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents
even when the power is turned off. Also like other
types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM.

 EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes


called flash EEPROM). The principal difference is
that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased
one byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data
to be written or erased in blocks. This makes flash
memory faster.
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 What is a Flash EPROM?
 A flash EPROM is similar to an EEPROM
except that flash EPROMs are erased all at
once while a regular EEROMs can erase one
byte at a time.
 Flash EPROMs are also called nonvolatile
memory..

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Cache Memory
 The cache is a small amount of high-speed memory
 It used to improve the speed of a computer,
doubling it in some cases
 It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU
and main memory
 Stores the most frequently or recently used
instructions and data for rapid retrieval
 A typical L1 cache is 256Kb and a typical L2 cache
is 1MB.
 Much more expensive than normal RAM
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Cache Memory speeds up a computer by storing data the
computer has recently used.
There are 2 types : Internal & External

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External Cache
If the computer cannot find what it
needs in the Internal Cache, it looks
in the external cache. This is
usually located on the Motherboard.
In some CPU chips the External
cache is built in.

Internal Cache
When the computer needs data
it first looks in the Internal
cache. This is located on the
CPU chip and provides the
fastest way for the computer27 to
get data.
Virtual memory

Space on a hard disk


used to temporarily store
data and swap it in and
out of RAM as needed.

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