Microprocessor and Its Applications
Microprocessor and Its Applications
Microprocessor and Its Applications
and Its
Applications
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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
A Microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable, clock-driven, register-based
electronic device that reads binary instruction
from a storage device called memory, accepts
binary data as input, process this input data
according to the instruction that have been read
and then provides results obtained from this
processing as output.
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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
This programmable logic device can be used to
control various processes and devices. The
products that use microprocessor for controlling
its various processes are called
Microprocessor- based products.
When microprocessor is used in the embedded
form of a larger system and it works as the
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer
,then it is called microcomputer .
The communications and operations in the
microprocessors are based on the binary
numbers via 0 and1.These are called Bits.
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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
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Microprocessor is a silicon chip that contains
the CPU where most calculations take place
Microprocessors are distinguished by 3
characteristics
Instruction set: the set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute
Bandwidth: the number of bits processed in each
instruction
Clock speed: (MHz) It determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute
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clock speed
Clock speed is the rate at which a processor
can complete a processing cycle
Its measured in MHz (megahertz) or GHz
(gigahertz) . One GHz equals 1,000 MHz, so a
speed of 2.4 GHz could also be expressed as
2,400 MHz.
A (megahertz) is one-million cycles per second,
while a gigahertz is one-billion cycles per
second
So a computer with a clock speed of 800MHz is
running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a
2.4GHz computer is running 2,400,000,000
cycles per second. 6
Microprocessor used as CPU.
It is a single chip IC capable of performing
computing and making decisions during program
execution.
It can be divided in to three sections
i. ALU
Performs computing functions such as arithmetic
operations and logical operations on data
ii. Register Unit
Used to store data temporarily.
iii. Control Unit
Provides the necessary timing and control signals to
all the operations.
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CPU
The part of the central
processing unit that deals
with operations such as
addition, subtraction, and
multiplication of integers
and Boolean operations.
It receives control signals
from the control unit
telling it to carry out
these operations.
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A register is a storage device that can hold a binary
number or series of bits.
Most registers have the ability to shift, or rotate, the
bits from one position to another within the register or
out of the register to another circuit; therefore, these
devices are known as shift registers
A chip is also called an integrated circuit. Generally it
is a small, thin piece of silicon onto which the
transistors making up the microprocessor have been
etched (fixed).
A chip might be as large as an inch on a side and can
contain tens of millions of transistors.
Simpler processors might consist of a few thousand
transistors etched (fixed) onto a chip just a few
millimeters square. 9
Transistor is an electronic component used
in a circuit to control current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
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Classification of MP
MP are classified according to the number of
bits(word) that it can handle (move and process) at a
time.
They are
4-bit MP Ex: Intel 4004
8-bit MP Ex: Intel 8085, Motorola 6800, Zilog Z80
16-bit MP Ex: 8086 ,80186, 80286 and so on
32-bit MP Ex: Intel pentium1,2,3,4…..
64-bit MP Ex: AMD 64 etc…
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Dept.of IT,Faculty of science and
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
Application of Microprocessor
Tech,YalaIslamic University,Thailand
Memory
Memory is the ability to retain data for a period of time,
short or long.
In digital system memory is a devoice that storing
information on temporary or permanent basis for future
reuse.
Computer memory sizes are measured as follows:
1 Kilobyte (Kb) = 1000 bytes (to be exact, 1024 bytes)
1 Megabyte (Mb) = 1,000,000 (1 million) bytes
1 Gigabyte (Gb) = 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) bytes
1 Terabyte (Tb) = 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) bytes
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
‘Ordinary’ memory used for storing programs which are
currently running and data which is being processed.
This type of memory is volatile - it loses all its contents
as soon as the machine is switched off.
Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM or DRAM stores its information in
a cell containing a capacitor and transistor; because
of this design, these cells must be refreshed with
new voltage every few milliseconds allowing the
memory to keep its charge and hold the data as long
as needed.
Because of this refreshing action the memory is
called dynamic. 16
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
1. Low cost
2. Consumes less power
3. Can store as much data
4. Information stored on transistors
5. Needs to be refreshed
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Read Only Memory (ROM)
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The difference between a PROM and a ROM
(read-only memory) is that a PROM is
manufactured as blank memory, whereas a
ROM is programmed during the
manufacturing process.
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Cache Memory
The cache is a small amount of high-speed memory
It used to improve the speed of a computer,
doubling it in some cases
It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU
and main memory
Stores the most frequently or recently used
instructions and data for rapid retrieval
A typical L1 cache is 256Kb and a typical L2 cache
is 1MB.
Much more expensive than normal RAM
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Cache Memory speeds up a computer by storing data the
computer has recently used.
There are 2 types : Internal & External
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External Cache
If the computer cannot find what it
needs in the Internal Cache, it looks
in the external cache. This is
usually located on the Motherboard.
In some CPU chips the External
cache is built in.
Internal Cache
When the computer needs data
it first looks in the Internal
cache. This is located on the
CPU chip and provides the
fastest way for the computer27 to
get data.
Virtual memory
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