PS 11 GeneralPhysics I for the

Life Sciences
 Questions and Problems for Contemplation

 Chapter 8
 Questions: 1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 18, 22, 24

 Problems: 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 22, 27, 30, 38, 45, 52, 55, 61, 64

 General Problems: 72, 80, 81

 Describing Rotational Motion

 Angular displacement q
 Let O be the axis of rotation
 How far the object has rotated
 Only 2 directions possible: clockwise(-) and
counter-clockwise(+)
 Measured in radians
 1 radian (rad) is the angle subtended by an
arc whose length is equal to the radius of
motion

l
θ
r
 Distance traveled

 Arc length traversed

l  rq
 For one complete revolution

l  2r
 q can be expressed in revolutions

1 rev  2 rad
 Example: Bike Wheel

 A bike wheel rotates 4.5 revolutions. How many

radians has it rotated?
2 rad
θ  4.5 revs  28 rad
rev

 If the wheel has a diameter of 45 cm, what is the

distance traveled by a point on the rim of the
wheel?
d 45 cm
l q  28 rad  630 cm
2 2
 Example: Bird of Prey

 A bird’s eye can distinguish objects

that subtend an angle no smaller
than 3  10-4 rad. How many
degrees is this?
4 360
θ  3 10 rad  0.017
2 rad
 How small an object can the bird
just distinguish when flying at a
height of 100m?
 For small angles (<15), arc length and
chord length are nearly the same
l  rq  (100m)(3104 rad)  3 cm
 Angular Velocity w

 Average w
Dq
w
Dt
 Instantaneous w
 Dt must be very small
 Velocity v of a point on a rotating wheel
v  rw
 Changes direction as vector turns
 Increases in proportion to distance from the axis of
rotation
 Angular Acceleration a

 Average a
Dw
a
Dt
 Instantaneous a
 Make Dt as small as possible

 Tangential acceleration

atan  ra

 Radial acceleration
v 2 (rw ) 2
aR    rw 2
r r
 Review of Linear and Angular Quantities

 Frequency = number of complete revolutions per second = f

 w = 2f

 Period = time required to complete one revolution = T = 1/f

 Equations of Motion

 Zero angular acceleration

 a = 0, w = constant
 Uniform circular motion
 q = wt + qo

 Linear velocity is not constant

 Magnitude is constant: v = wr
 Direction is changing

 Acceleration is not constant

 atan= 0 but aR= rw2 = constant (centripetal)
 Direction is changing
 Example: Earth’s Rotation

 How fast is the earth’s equator turning?

 w = 2/T = (2 rad)/84,600s = 7.27 x 10-5 rad/s
 v = rw = (6,380 km)(7.27 x 10-5 rad/s) = 464 m/s

 How will your speed change as you go to the North

or South pole?
 v = (r cos f)w = (464 cos f) m/s
 f = 14.5°, v = 449 m/s
 f = 30°, v = 402 m/s
 f = 60°, v = 232 m/s
 f = 90°, v = 0 m/s
 The Coriolis Effect

 As you go from the equator towards the N pole, you

are moving faster than the ground you are moving
into: veer to your right (earth rotates west to east)
 As you go from the N pole towards the equator, you
are moving slower than the ground you are moving
into: veer to your right
 Clockwise flow!
 To or from the S pole: veer to the left!
 Counterclockwise flow!
 Example: Hard Drive

 The platter of the hard drive of a computer rotates

at 7200 rpm. What is the angular velocity of the
platter?
7200 rev 1 min 120rev rad
w  2f  2  2  754
min 60 sec s s
 If the reading head of the drive is 3.00 cm from the
axis of rotation, how fast is the disk moving right
under the head?
v  rw  (3 102 m)(754rad / s)  22.6m / s
 Example (continued)

 If a single bit requires 0.50 mm of length along the

direction of motion, how many bits per second can
the writing head write when it is 3.00 cm from the
axis?
 The number of bits passing the head per second is
22.6m / s
6
 45  10 6
bits / s
0.50 10 m / bit
or 45 megabits/s (Mbps)
 Constant Angular Acceleration

 a = constant
 w = wo + at
 q = qo + wot + ½ at2
 Eliminate t between w and q
 w2 = wo2 + 2aq
 Total Acceleration

 atotal = atan + aR
 atan
 Constant magnitude, changing
direction
 aR
 Variable magnitude, variable
direction
 Example: Centrifuge

 A centrifuge motor is accelerated from rest to 20,000

rpm in 30s. Determine its angular acceleration and
how many revolutions it makes while it is
accelerating.
 Solution
 Assuming constant angular acceleration

w  wo 2100rad / s  0
a   70rad / s 2
t 30s
 Example continued

 Where the final angular velocity w is

2rad 20000rev / min

w  2f   2100rad / s
rev 60s / m
 The angular displacement in 30s is then

q  0  (1 / 2)(70rad / s2 )(30s) 2  3.15 104 rad

 We divide by 2 to convert to revolutions
3.15 104 rad
q  5.0 103 rev
2rad / rev
 Rolling Motion

 Translational + rotational
motion
 No Slipping
 Static friction between object and
rolling surface
v  rw
 Example: Bicycle

 A bicycle slows down uniformly from a velocity of

8.40 m/s to rest over a distance of 115 m. The
overall diameter of the tire is 68.0 cm. Determine
the initial angular velocity of the wheels.
vo 8.40m / s
wo    24.7 rad / s
r 0.340m
 Example (continued)

 Determine the number of revolutions each wheel

undergoes before stopping.
 The rim of the wheel turns 115m before stopping. Thus,
115m 115m
  53.8 rev
2r 2 (0.340m)
 Determine the angular acceleration of the wheel

w 2  wo2 0  (24.7rad / s) 2
a   0.902rad / s2
2q 2(2rad / rev)(53.8rev)
 Example continued

 Determine the time it took the bicycle to stop

w  wo 0  24.7rad / s
t   27.4s
a  0.902rad / s 2

 Note: when the bike tire completes one revolution,

the bike advances a distance equal to the outer
circumference of the tire (no slipping or sliding).
 Announcements

 FINAL EXAM
 Wednesday, March 19

 7.30 - 10.30

 F-113

 Long Test 4
 Thursday, March 13

 6.00 – 7.30

 Room TBA c/o Paulo

 Center of Mass

 You can reduce an object to a point and describe its

translational motion by considering the motion of
this point (called its center of mass)
 Determining Center of Mass

 Consider masses m1, m2, m3, … with coordinates (x1,

y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), …

x m  x m  x m   mx i i
xcm  1 1 2
2 3 3 i
m  m  m 
1 2 m 3
i
i

y m  y m  y m   my i i
ycm  1 1 2
2 3 3 i
m  m  m 
1 2 m 3
i
i
 CM for a Leg

 Determine the center of mass of a leg when a)

stretched out and b) bent at 90°. Assume the
person is 1.70 m tall.
 Solution
 a) Straight leg
 Essentially 1-D
 Measure distance from hip joint
(21.5)(9.6)  (9.6)(33.9)  (3.4)(50.3)
xcm   20.4 units
21.5  9.6  3.4
 CM is 52.1-20.4 = 31.7 units from base of foot
 For a height of 172 cm, xcm = 54.5 cm above the bottom of the
foot
 CM of Leg

 b) Bent leg
(21.5)(9.6)  (9.6)( 23.6)  (3.4)( 23.6)
xcm   14.9 units
21.5  9.6  3.4

(3.4)(1.8)  (9.6)(18.2)  (21.5)( 28.5)

ycm   23.0 units
21.5  9.6  3.4

 For a height of 172 cm

xcm = (172 cm)(0.149) = 25.6 cm
ycm = (172 cm)(0.23) = 39.6 cm
 Center of mass of bent leg is 39.6 cm
above the floor and 25.6 cm from the
hip joint!
 CM Trajectory

Center of mass of
swimmer in flight
follows projectile
motion (parabolic)
trajectory

Center of mass of
wrench follows
constant velocity
trajectory
 Torque

 What causes an object to rotate?

 Torque = force x lever arm

  r F  rF sin q
 More Torque

 Units: Nm (Newton-meter)
 Reserve J for work and energy

 Torque is a vector quantity

 Direction determined by the right hand rule
 Newton’s First law

 Translational Equilibrium
 All forces cancel out: SF = 0
 Rotational Equilibrium
 Torques must balance out: SG = 0

 When is an object in equilibrium?

 Newton’s Second Law

 F = ma
 G = Ia
 I = moment of inertia

 a = angular acceleration

 Only two possible directions

 Counter-clockwise rotation
 Clockwise rotation
 Moment of Inertia of Particles

 For a single moving object

with mass m
  = rF = rma = rmra =mr2a
 I = mr2

 For several objects rigidly

attached to each other
 S = (Smiri2)a
 I = Smiri2
 Changing Moment of Inertia

 Determine the change in the moment of inertia of a

particle as the radius of its orbit doubles
 Solution
2 2
Ii mR mR 1
 2
 2

I f m(2R) 4mR 4

 It increases by
I f  Ii 4 1
100%  100%  300%
Ii 1
 Changing Your I

 Vertical axis of rotation

 Arms on the side
 R = 25 cm, M = 9.6 kg

I side  MR 2  (9.6kg)(0.25m) 2  0.60kg  m 2

 Raise your arms in a crucifixion pose
 R = 57.5 cm, M = 9.6 kg

I cross  MR 2  (9.6kg)(0.575m) 2  3.20kg  m 2

 433% increase
Moments of Inertia
for Various Objects
 Rotational Kinetic Energy

KE   ( mi vi )   ( mi ri w )  ( mi ri )w
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 2

rotational KE  Iw 1
2
2

1
Total KE  I CM w  MvCM
1
2
2
2

2
Example: Ball Rolling Down an Inclined Plane

 Determine the speed of a solid sphere of mass

M and radius R when it reaches the bottom of
an inclined plane if it starts from rest at a
height H and rolls without slipping. Assume no
slipping occurs. Compare the result to an object
of the same mass sliding down a frictionless
inclined plane.
 Solution

 Initial mechanical energy

 PE = MgH
 KEtrans = 0
 KErot = 0

 Final mechanical energy

 PE = 0
 KEtrans = ½ Mv2
 KErot = ½ Iw2

 Conservation of Energy
MgH = ½ (Mv2 + Iw2)
 Solution (continued)

 I = (2/5)MR2 for a solid sphere rotating about an

axis through its center of mass
 w = v/R
 Thus
MgH = ½ Mv2 + ½(2/5)MR2(v/R)2
(1/2 + 1/5) v2 = gH
v = [(10/7)gH]1/2
 v does not depend on the mass and radius of the
sphere!!
 Frictionless Incline

 Ball slides down the incline and does not roll

 Thus,
½ Mv2 = MgH
v = (2gH)1/2
 The speed is greater!
 None of the original PE is converted into rotational energy.
 Work Done on a Rotating Body

 W = FDl = F rDq
 W = Dq

 Power
P = W/Dt
P = Dq/Dt = w
 Angular Momentum L

 L = Iw
 Newton’s second law becomes

Dw Iw  Iwo
  Ia  I Dt  Dt
 Thus,

DL
  Dt
 Conservation of Angular Momentum

 If the net torque acting on a rotating

object is zero, then its angular
momentum remains constant.
DL
0
Dt
0  L f  Li
Li  L f
I iw i  I f w f
 The Ice Skater

 How can the ice skater spin so fast?

Ii
w f  wi
If
 The Diver

 How can the diver make somersaults?

 Does she have to rotate initially?
 What trajectory does she follow?
 The Hanging Wheel

 Why is the wheel standing up?

 Why does it turn around about the point of support?
 Rotating Disk Demo

 What happens when you tilt the rotating disk?

HINT:
dL

dt
 Drunk Driver Test/Tightrope Artist

 Follow the line walk

 Increase your moment of inertia to minimize
rotations
 Quiz 8

1. A 4 kg mass sits at the origin, and a 10 kg mass sits at x = + 21 m.

Where is the center of mass on the x-axis?
(a) + 7 m (b) + 10.5 m (c) + 14 m (d) + 15 m
2. An object moving in a circular path experiences
(a) free fall.
(b) constant acceleration.
(c) linear acceleration.
(d) centripetal acceleration.
3. A boy and a girl are riding on a merry-go-round which is turning at
a constant rate. The boy is near the outer edge, and the girl is closer
to the center. Who has the greater angular velocity?
a) The boy
b) The girl
c) Both have the same non-zero angular velocity.
d) Both have zero angular velocity.
 Quiz 8

4. A wheel starts at rest, and has an angular acceleration of 4 rad/s2.

Through what angle does it turn in 3 s?
a) 36 rad b) 18 rad c) 12 rad d) 9 rad

5. A wheel of diameter 26 cm turns at 1500 rpm. How far will a point

on the outer rim move in 2 s?
a) 314 cm b) 4084 cm c) 8995.5 cm d) 17990.8 cm

6. What is the centripetal acceleration of a point on the perimeter of a

bicycle wheel of diameter 70 cm when the bike is moving 8 m/s?
a) 91 m/s2 b) 183 m/s2 c) 206 m/s2 d) 266 m/s2

7. A bicycle is moving 4 m/s. What is the angular speed of a wheel if

its radius is 30 cm?
a) 0.36 rad/s b) 1.2 rad/s c) 4.8 rad/s d) 13.3 rad/s
 Quiz 8

8. An ice skater is in a spin with his arms outstretched. If he pulls in

his arms, what happens to his kinetic energy?
a) It increases. b) It decreases.
c) It remains constant but non-zero. d) It remains zero.

9. What is the quantity used to measure an object's resistance to

changes in rotation?
a) mass b) moment of inertia
c) linear momentum d) angular momentum

10. A wheel of moment of inertia of 5.00 kg-m2 starts from rest and
accelerates under a constant torque of 3.00 N-m for 8.00 s. What is
the wheel's rotational kinetic energy at the end of 8.00 s?
a) 57.6 J b) 64.0 J c) 78.8 J d) 122 J