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Digital Communication

This document discusses digital communication techniques such as sampling, pulse code modulation (PCM), and data compression. It explains that digital signals can be manipulated more easily than analog signals and are easier to multiplex, encrypt, and apply error control to. It describes how analog signals must be sampled at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing when converting to digital. PCM is explained as a process that quantizes sampled signal amplitudes to binary code for transmission. Data compression techniques like companding are also introduced for reducing bandwidth requirements.

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Ammar khan
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117 views18 pages

Digital Communication

This document discusses digital communication techniques such as sampling, pulse code modulation (PCM), and data compression. It explains that digital signals can be manipulated more easily than analog signals and are easier to multiplex, encrypt, and apply error control to. It describes how analog signals must be sampled at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing when converting to digital. PCM is explained as a process that quantizes sampled signal amplitudes to binary code for transmission. Data compression techniques like companding are also introduced for reducing bandwidth requirements.

Uploaded by

Ammar khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Communication

1/3/2018
Objectives
• Discuss the advantages of digital Communication.
• Calculate the minimum sampling rate for a signal and
explain the necessity for sampling at that rate and
above.
• Describe PCM and calculate the number of quantizing
levels, the bit rate, and the dynamic range for PCM
systems.
• Explain companding, show how it is accomplished,
and explain its effects.
• Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression
and provide examples of each.

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Digital Signals
• Digital signals can be manipulated more
easily than analog signals. Easier to
multiplex.
• Easy to encrypt to ensure privacy.
• Error control.
• Data Compression to reduce bandwidth.

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Analog to Digital Encoding

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Sampling
• To transmit an analog signal digitally, we must first
sample the signal. This involves finding its amplitude at
discrete time intervals.
• To reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic
samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least twice
the frequency of the highest-frequency component of the
signal.
• If the sampling rate is too low, a form of distortion called
aliasing or foldover distortion is produced.
• The sampling process is equivalent to multiplying the
baseband signal by a pulse train at the sampling
frequency.

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Aliasing

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Sampling
• A sampler is like a mixer or modulator. When an
analog frequency is sampled by a sampling
frequency, the analog signal modulates the
sampling frequency. This generates sidebands of
the fundamental and higher harmonics of the
sampling frequency with energy distribution as
show below.
Output = Fa,Fs,Fs-Fa,Fs+Fa,2Fs,2Fs-
Fa,2Fs+Fa,3Fs, 3Fs-Fa,3Fs+Fa+……..

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Example
• An analog frequency of 2.5 KHz is being sampled
by a sampling frequency of 6 KHz. Draw the
frequency spectrum of the sampled output.
Assume receiver filter BW is 4 KHz.
Solution:
Fa = 2.5 KHz, Fs = 6 KHz, 2Fs = 12 KHz, 3Fs = 18
KHz, Fs-Fa = 3.5, Fs+Fa=8.5, 2Fs-Fa=9.5,
2Fs+Fa=14.5, 3Fs-Fa=15.5, 3Fs+Fa=20.5 KHz
The 3.5 KHz unwanted sideband is allowed to pass
mixed with the 2.5 KHz intended signal. Inclusion
of this unwanted sideband in the received output
generates a noise called aliasing noise or foldover
distortion.

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Sampling

• The spectrum of the


pulse train shown is given
as:

• For simplicity, we assume


that the signal to be
sampled, which we called
baseband signal, is a sine
wave: eb  Eb sin bt

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Sampling
• Multiplying the two signals and taking into account
only the first two terms, we get

• The other terms are not interesting here because


they all represent frequencies greater than ωs- ωb.
If we make sure that ωs- ωb > ωb, these other
terms will not be a problem.

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Example

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Quantizing Error (Noise)
• Since the original analog signal can have an
infinite number of signal levels, the quantizing
process will produce errors called quantizing
errors.
• The largest possible error is one-half the
difference between levels.
• The error is proportionately greater for small
signals.
• The level of quantizing noise can be decreased
by increasing the number of levels, which also
increases the number of bits that must be used
per sample.
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Dynamic Range
• The ratio between the stronger possible
signal that can be transmitted and the
weakest discernible signal.
• For a linear PCM system, the maximum
dynamic range in decibels is given
approximately by DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
m- number of bits per sample

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Pulse Code Modulation
• PCM is the most commonly used digital
modulation scheme.
• Quantization- In PCM the available range of
signal voltages is divided into levels, and each is
assigned a binary number.
• Each sample is represented by the binary
number representing the level closest to its
amplitude, and this number is transmitted in
serial form.
• The number of levels available depends on the
number of bits used to express the sample
value.
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PCM

Analog
source Sampler Quantizer Encoder
signal PCM Signal

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Quantization

Sampling
PCM

Binary
Encoding

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