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Introduction To MATLAB: ES 156 Signals and Systems 2007 Harvard SEAS

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB including how to get MATLAB, basic data structures like matrices and vectors, plotting functions, file input/output, and examples of plotting various signals. Key topics covered include creating and manipulating matrices and vectors, common matrix and array operations, basic plotting functions for 2D line plots, overlaying multiple plots, adding annotations, saving figure files, and practicing plotting examples of different signals.

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Kareena Gupta
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61 views

Introduction To MATLAB: ES 156 Signals and Systems 2007 Harvard SEAS

The document provides an introduction to MATLAB including how to get MATLAB, basic data structures like matrices and vectors, plotting functions, file input/output, and examples of plotting various signals. Key topics covered include creating and manipulating matrices and vectors, common matrix and array operations, basic plotting functions for 2D line plots, overlaying multiple plots, adding annotations, saving figure files, and practicing plotting examples of different signals.

Uploaded by

Kareena Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to MATLAB

ES 156 Signals and Systems 2007

Harvard SEAS

Prepared by Jiajun Gu
Outline
• Introduction and where to get MATLAB
• Data structure: matrices, vectors and
operations
• Basic line plots
• File I/O
Where to get MATLAB
• FAS computing:
– Download from
http://fas.harvard.edu/computing/software/
– You must be on FAS network to use MATLAB
• HSEAS IT
– Maxwell Dworkin Rooms G107-G111
• Mathworks:
– Student version is affordable and complete.
What is MATLAB

• High level language for technical


computing
• Stands for MATrix LABoratory
• Everything is a matrix - easy to do linear
algebra
The MATLAB System

• Development Environment
• Mathematical Function Library
• MATLAB language
• Application Programming Language (not
discussed today)
MATLAB Desktop
Menu and toolbar

Workspace

History Command
Matrices & Vectors
• All (almost) entities in MATLAB are
matrices
>> A = [16 3; 5 10]
• Easy to define: A = 16 3
5 10

• Use ‘,’ or ‘ ’ to separate row elements -- use


‘;’ to separate rows
Matrices & Vectors - II
• Order of Matrix - mn
– m=no. of rows, n=no. of columns

• Vectors -
special case
–n=1 column vector
–m=1 row vector
Creating Vectors and Matrices
• Define >> A = [16 3; 5 10]
A = 16 3
5 10
>> B = [3 4 5
6 7 8]
B = 3 4 5
6 7 8

• Transpose
Matrix:
Vector : >> A=[1 2; 3 4];
>> a=[1 2 3]; >> A'
>> a' ans =
1 1 3
2 2 4
3
Creating Vectors
Create vector with equally spaced intervals
>> x=0:0.5:pi
x =
0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000

Create vector with n equally spaced intervals


>> x=linspace(0, pi, 7)
x =
0 0.5236 1.0472 1.5708 2.0944 2.6180 3.1416

Equal spaced intervals in logarithm space


>> x=logspace(1,2,7)
x =
10.0000 14.6780 21.5443 … 68.1292 100.0000

Note: MATLAB uses pi to represent  , uses i or j to represent imaginary


unit
Creating Matrices
• zeros(m, n): matrix with all zeros
• ones(m, n): matrix with all ones.
• eye(m, n): the identity matrix
• rand(m, n): uniformly distributed random
• randn(m, n): normally distributed random
• magic(m): square matrix whose elements
have the same sum, along the row, column
and diagonal.
• pascal(m) : Pascal matrix.
Matrix operations
• ^: exponentiation
• *: multiplication
• /: division
• \: left division. The operation A\B is
effectively the same as INV(A)*B, although
left division is calculated differently and is
much quicker.
• +: addition
• -: subtraction
Array Operations
• Evaluated element by element
.' : array transpose (non-conjugated
transpose)
.^ : array power
.* : array multiplication
./ : array division
• Very different from Matrix operations
>> A=[1 2;3 4]; But:
>> B=[5 6;7 8]; >> A.*B
>> A*B 5 12
19 22 21 32
43 50
Some Built-in functions
• mean(A):mean value of a vector
• max(A), min (A): maximum and minimum.
• sum(A): summation.
• sort(A): sorted vector
• median(A): median value
• std(A): standard deviation.
• det(A) : determinant of a square matrix
• dot(a,b): dot product of two vectors
• Cross(a,b): cross product of two vectors
• Inv(A): Inverse of a matrix A
Indexing Matrices
Given the matrix: A = n
0.9501 0.6068 0.4231
m 0.2311 0.4860 0.2774
Then:
A(1,2) = 0.6068 Aij ,i  1...m, j  1...n
A(3) = 0.6068
index  (i 1)m  j
A(:,1) = [0.9501
1:m  ]
0.2311


A(1,2:3)=[0.6068 0.4231]
Adding Elements to a Vector or a Matrix
>> A=1:3 >> C=[1 2; 3 4]
A= C=
1 2 3 1 2
>> A(4:6)=5:2:9 3 4
A= >> C(3,:)=[5 6];
1 2 3 5 7 9 C=
1 2
>> B=1:2 3 4
B= 5 6
1 2
>> B(5)=7; >> D=linspace(4,12,3);
B= >> E=[C D’]
1 2 0 0 7 E=
1 2 4
3 4 8
5 6 12
Graphics - 2D Plots
plot(xdata, ydata, ‘marker_style’);
For example: Gives:
>> x=-5:0.1:5;
>> sqr=x.^2;
>> pl1=plot(x, sqr, 'r:s');
Graphics - Overlay Plots
Use hold on for overlaying graphs
So the following: Gives:
>> hold on;
>> cub=x.^3;
>> pl2=plot(x, cub,‘b-o');
Graphics - Annotation
Use title, xlabel, ylabel and legend for
annotation
>> title('Demo plot');
>> xlabel('X Axis');
>> ylabel('Y Axis');
>> legend([pl1, pl2], 'x^2', 'x^3');
Graphics - Annotation
Graphics-Stem()
• stem()is to plot discrete sequence data
• The usage of stem() is very similar to
plot() cos(n/4)
1

>> n=-10:10;
>> f=stem(n,cos(n*pi/4)) 0.5
>> title('cos(n\pi/4)')
>> xlabel('n') 0

-0.5

-1
-10 -5 0 5 10
n
subplots
• Use subplots to divide a plotting window
into several panes. Cosine Sine
1 1

>> x=0:0.1:10; 0.8 0.8

>> f=figure; 0.6 0.6

>> f1=subplot(1,2,1); 0.4 0.4

>> plot(x,cos(x),'r'); 0.2 0.2

>> grid on; 0 0


>> title('Cosine')
-0.2 -0.2
>> f2=subplot(1,2,2);
>> plot(x,sin(x),'d'); -0.4 -0.4

>> grid on; -0.6 -0.6

>> title('Sine'); -0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
0 5 10 0 5 10
Save plots
• Use saveas(h,'filename.ext') to save a
figure to a file.
Useful extension types:
bmp: Windows bitmap
>> f=figure;
emf: Enhanced metafile
>> x=-5:0.1:5;
eps: EPS Level 1
>> h=plot(x,cos(2*x+pi/3));
fig: MATLAB figure
>> title('Figure 1');
jpg: JPEG image
>> xlabel('x');
m: MATLAB M-file
>> saveas(h,'figure1.fig')
tif: TIFF image, compressed
>> saveas(h,'figure1.eps')
Workspace
• Matlab remembers old commands
• And variables as well
• Each Function maintains its own scope
• The keyword clear removes all variables
from workspace
• The keyword who lists the variables
File I/O
• Matlab has a native file format to save and
load workspaces. Use keywords load and
save.
• In addition MATLAB knows a large number
of popular formats. Type “help
fileformats” for a listing.
• In addition MATLAB supports ‘C’ style low
level file I/O. Type “help fprintf” for more
information.
Practice Problems
• Plot the following signals in linear scale

x(t )  sin( 3t ) 5  t  5
y (t )  e 2t 3 0t 5
• Plot the following signals, use log scale for y-axis

x(t )  et  2 (2t  1) 0  t  10
• Plot the real part and imaginary part of the following signal

x(t )  e0.5t  j (t  / 3) 0  t  10

• For the signal in previous question, plot its phase and magnitude

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