Ethernet: Oakton Community College CIS 238
Ethernet: Oakton Community College CIS 238
Shielded twisted pair uses transmission using a 4b/5b MLT code with three
signal levels (as opposed to just two above). So 100 MBS uses 33 MHZ
over 2 pair. Gigabit Ethernet utilizes five levels and 8b/10b encoding,
sending 1 Gbps within 100 MHz of bandwidth over 4 pair..
Segments
Base Ethernet is a broadcast medium, every computer on a network section
(segment) shares the same wire(s)/electrical connection.
Repeaters are passive devices (no MAC Address) but are always powered to repeat
digital signals.
Coax Ethernet repeaters are subject to the 5/4/3 rule 5 segments connected by 4
repeaters with three segments active - a limit of 30 active workstations.
A multi-port repeater is referred to as a hub. Usually only used with twisted pair
wiring.
Hubs have their own version of the repeater rule when daisy-chained called the
Class I (10 MBS, 4 hubs) or Class II (100 MBS 2 hubs) that define how they can be
connected within a collision domain.
Access Method
Ethernet is a broadcast on each segment where multiple host(s) try to gain
control of a single media.
Access is gained by sending a sense packet 64 bytes long on each segment (511
bit times).
Signal propagation times and attenuation determine the distance limit for each
media type.
If another host transmits at the same time a collision is detected in a jam
packet.
To connect two collision domain segments, a bridge is used connecting a collision domain
segment to a port. This is an OSI Layer 2 device.
A bridge functions by listen, learn, forward. Separate CSMA/CD on each port - populating an
internal MAC Address table assigning each MAC address to a port it responds on.
Since each port on a switch terminates a collision domain; if only one device is connected to
the port, CSMA/CD can be dropped. This allows the port to function in full-duplex
(simultaneous send/receive) mode.
Simple switches only function as one Layer 2 LAN segment. Configurable switches can
separate ports into logical semgment known as V(virtual)LANs.
Ethernet frames preceded by an 8 byte preamble of 7 bytes alternating 1 and 0 for timing
and one flag byte ending in 0x7e.
Ethernet packet has a header with Destination (MAC) Address, Source MAC Address and 2-
byte Ethertype/Length field and terminated by a 32 bit Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
representing a hash of the packet contents excluding preamble.
A common network problem used to be Ethernet attached devices on the same LAN not
seeing each other due use of different frame type (Netware IPX). As TCP/IP becomes the
de-facto LAN protocol, these type of connectivity issues become rare since TCP/IP uses
DIX/EII frame type by default. Though this is configurable on most NICs (but dont do it).
If the EtherType/Length value is greater than 0x05DC (decimal 1500), then the frame is
interpreted / processed as an Ethernet II packet.
Ethernet Frame Types
Raw Ethernet (Xerox format)
-------------------- Data direction
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) for user based authentication in combination with
802.1X port/mac security.
- EAP types: EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2, PEAPv1/EAP-GTC,
PEAP-TLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, EAP-FAST
Wireless frame types use double Ethernet headers to allow hopping from wireless access
point to access point.