Counselling Theories: Understand Construct of Theories and Its Application On Practise
Counselling Theories: Understand Construct of Theories and Its Application On Practise
Counselling Theories: Understand Construct of Theories and Its Application On Practise
OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND CONSTRUCT OF
THEORIES AND ITS APPLICATION ON
PRACTISE
WHAT IS A THEORY
Patterson (1986), theory is a;
(a) Set of stated assumption regarding a certain
field
(b) Set of definitions of the ideas and concepts in
the theory
(c) Concepts that bear certain relationship to
one another
(d) Hypothesis constructed from these
assumptions, definitions and relationships
Continuum of theories
Frank Parsons
1909-1940s: developing better means of
assessing people aptitudes and interest
Directive counselling heavily on advising and
also known as trait-factor
1942 Carl Rogers: Non-directive as helper is
not adviser
Directive vs non-directive
Key point in different theories
Nature of human being
Basic assumptions
Goals
Key concept/ construct
Personality/ development
Adaptive/ maladaptive behaviour
Learning process/ change
Techniques
Teori dalam Kaunseling
1. Teori Psikoanalisis
2. Teori Pemusatan Klien
3. Teori Terapi Rational Emotif
4. Teori Tingkahlaku
5. Terapi Realiti
6. Teori Gestalt
PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Human beings are basically determined by psychic
energy and by early experiences
Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in
present behaviour. Irrational forces are strong and
the individual is driven by impulses
These impulses as solely sexual and aggressive
Early development is of critical importance as later
personality problems are rooted in repressed
childhood conflicts.
Psychoanalysis
Philosophy: Humans are sexually and
aggressive driven. Childhood conflicts emerge
as personality problems when defense
mechanisms fail.
Theorist: Sigmund Freud
Goals: Insight, personality restructuring,
making the unconscious conscious, strengthen
ego.
Techniques: Transference analysis, dream
analysis, catharsis, interpretation, free
association.
Psychoanalysis contd
Humans are amoral, selfish and irrational
Adults behavior is determined by the crucial
first five years
Sexual impulses are key determinants of
behavior to gratify all bodily parts
Our behavior is controlled by unconscious
determinants
Three levels of awareness
CONSCIOUS equates with awareness
PRECONSCIOUS can be brought to the
conscious state (recollections)
UNCONSCIOUS we are unaware of the
mental activity, cannot bring into
consciousness
Sub-system of personality
ID the instinct, including sex, aggression, instant
gratification, the pleasure principles (primary process
thinking our most primitive need gratification type
thoughts )
EGO develop because of the need of the person to
deal with the realities of the world. EGO mediate
between the pleasure principles and the outer world
(to balance our primitive needs and our moral/ethical
beliefs) - policemen
SUPREGO internally control the ID which is
unaccepted. SUPEREGO is unconscious represents
what is ideal and strives for perfection
(our conscience and counteracted the Id with moral and
ethical thoughts
Freud came to see personality as having three aspects, which
work together to produce all of our complex behaviours: the
Id, the Ego and the Superego. All 3 components need to be
well-balanced in order to have good amount of psychological
energy available and to have reasonable mental health.
THE ID: functions in the irrational and emotional part of the
mind. At birth a babys mind is all Id - want want want. The Id
is the primitive mind. It contains all the basic needs and
feelings. It is the source for libido (psychic energy). And it has
only one rule --> the pleasure principle: I want it and I want
it all now. In transactional analysis, Id equates to "Child".
THE EGO: functions with the rational part of the mind. The Ego
develops out of growing awareness that you cant always get
what you want. The Ego relates to the real world and operates
via the reality principle. The Ego realizes the need for
compromise and negotiates between the Id and the
Superego. The Ego's job is to get the Id's pleasures but to be
reasonable and bear the long-term consequences in mind
THE SUPEREGO (Over-I): The Superego is the last part of the mind to develop. It
might be called the moral part of the mind. The Superego becomes an
embodiment of parental and societal values. It stores and enforces rules. It
constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far
from reality or possibility. Its power to enforce rules comes from its ability to
create anxiety.
The Superego has two subsystems: Ego Ideal and Conscience. The Ego Ideal
provides rules for good behaviour, and standards of excellence towards which the
Ego must strive. The Ego ideal is basically what the childs parents approve of or
value. The Conscience is the rules about what constitutes bad behaviour.
However, the Ego has a difficult time dealing with the competing demands of the
Superego and the Id. According to the psychoanalytic view, this psychological
conflict is an intrinsic and pervasive part of human experience. The conflict
between the Id and Superego, negotiated by the Ego, is one of the fundamental
psychological battles all people face. The way in which a person characteristically
resolves the instant gratification vs. longer-term reward dilemma in many ways
comes to reflect on their "character".
Strength and weaknesses
The most comprehensive and detailed theory
Need a lengthy process of training
In clinical setting not in school
Outdated view of female sexuality
Deterministic and pessimistic view of human
kind
Success defined in term of clients degree of
acceptance of the helpers view of life
Analytic Therapy
Philosophy: Humans strive for individuation.
Humans are dynamic and spiritual
Theorist: Carl Jung
Goals: Integration of conscious and
unconscious systems. Self-knowledge,
personality restructuring
Techniques: Personality assessment, art
therapy, dream work, archetype analysis, card
sort
Carl Gustav Jung. His approach to human
psychology emphasized understanding the
psyche through exploring the world of dreams,
art, mythology, world religion and philosophy. He
was a strong believer in the importance of
integration of opposites (e.g. masculine and
femininine, thinking and feeling, science and
spirituality). Though not the first to analyze
dreams, his contributions to dream analysis were
influential and extensive.
The terms extrovert and introvert derive from
this work. The extrovert orientation finds
meaning outside the self, in the surrounding
world, whereas the introvert is introspective and
finds it within.
There are four psychological functions in
Jungs model:
Two rational functions (thinking and feeling),
Two perceptive functions (sensation and
intuition).
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Jung asserted that individual's are born
knowing certain things. For example, people
are born afraid of the dark and fire. This has
been passed down from our ancestors. For
Jung these archetypes form the basis of
personality, accounting for why people are not
merely driven by their past experiences but
also strive to grow and become something
better. In essence, Jung saw the self as striving
for wholeness.
Adlerian Theory
Alfred Adler (1819-1937)
Freud's emphasis on biological urges
(psychosexual) as determinants of behaviour was
disputed by Alder. According to Alder the self
enables us to fulfill our lifestyle, to become more
than our genes have endowed on us. Alder
foreshadowed the modern emphasis on self or
human potiential.
Stressed the impact of social relationships on
psychological development as opposed to that of
psychosexual as theorised by Freud.
Individual Psychology
Philosophy: People are motivated by social
interest. All behavior is goal directed as we
strive to move from a position of felt minus to
felt plus. There are five life tasks: 1) work, 2)
love, 3) friendship, 4) spirituality, and 5) self-
understanding.
Theorist: Alfred Adler
Goals: Identifying and exploring mistaken
goals.
Techniques: Life style assessment, parent
education, marriage and family therapy, play
therapy, dream work, interpretation,
paradoxical intention
Adler
We feel inferior and strive for inferiority
We need to master the environment or
mastering others
People are not powerless of external forces
Psychological growth moving from self
centered attitude to mastery of the
environment
Developing life tasks
Contd..
A major determinant of life style is the family
environment in which the child grows
The earliest experiences are significant
because everything is so new and unexpected
Adler gave special weight to the position of
the child in relation to siblings (birth order)
1st born child is given much attention which is
withdrawn with the birth of 2nd child
Contd
The firstborn child is likely to have intensified feelings
of power and superiority, high anxiety, and
overprotective tendencies
If the child is three or older when the second child is
born, the child will already have developed a
cooperating style
If the firstborn is less than three, hostility and
resentment will be largely unconscious, which makes
them more resistant to change in later life
2nd child likely to be ambitious but better adjusted
The youngest child is spoiled and more likely to
become a problem child and a neurotic maladjusted
adult
Individual Psychology
Adler: a single "drive" or motivating force lies
behind all our behavior and experience.
Adler: called that motivating force the striving
for perfection.
Striving for perfection: the desire we all have
to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and
closer to our ideal.
Striving for perfection: similar to the more
popular idea of self-actualization.
CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY
Client-Centered
Worldview: People have own potential, worth and
dignity
Philosophy: People are basically good and strive to
actualize. The affective world of others is very
important. Relationships bring change. People are
unique and the subjective world of others is of the
most importance.
Theorist: Carl Rogers
Goals: Help develop congruence between real self and
ideal self. Help remove road blocks toward self-
actualization. Help client develop self trust and an
internal locus of control.
Techniques: Develop a positive relationship. Empathy,
genuineness and positive regard
It is a non-directive approach.
"Directive" means any counselor behavior that
deliberately steers the client in some way.
Directive behaviors include, asking primarily
closed ended questions (require yes or no
answers), offering treatments, and making
interpretations and diagnoses.
A non-directive approach is very appealing to
many clients, because they get to keep control
over the content and pace of the counseling. It
is intended to serve them. The counselor isn't
evaluating them in any way or trying to "figure
them out".
Person-Centred Counselling
Taking the view that every individual has the
internal resourses they need for growth.
client-centered counseling aims to provide
three core conditions (unconditional positive
regard, empathy and congruence) which help
that growth to occur.)
Client centered cond
Incongruity issues resolution of real self
versus ideal self incongruence. Exploring in-
depth of mixed and ambivalent emotions
Issues: To release human potential to find its
own natural directions and to resolve real
self/ideal self.
"the desire to become more and more what
one is, to become
everything that one is capable of becoming"
Client centered
3 core conditions necessary and sufficient
1. Genuineness
Transparent
Congruent
3. Empathy - understanding
Therapeutic Approach of Client-
Centred Counseling
3 core conditions,
Attention
Perception
Thought processes
Decision
Response or action