Electrical Motors
Electrical Motors
Electrical Motors
Introduction
F Rotation
I
N L R
S
brushes F
Commutato
r (rotates
with coil)
Vertical position of the loop:
Rotation
N S
DC Motors
Construction of DC Motor:
Construction of DC Motor:
Function of each part of DC Motor:
Yoke:
It is outer cover of dc motor also called as frame.
It provides protection to the rotating and other
part of the machine from moisture, dust etc.
Yoke is an iron body which provides the path for
the flux to complete the magnetic circuit.
It provides the mechanical support for the poles.
Material Used: low reluctance material such
as cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, cast
steel etc.
Poles, and pole core:
Poles are electromagnet,
the field winding is
wound over it It produces
the magnetic flux when
the field winding is
excited.
The construction of pole is done using the
lamination of particular shape to reduce the
power loss due to eddy current.
Pole shoe:
Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole. Due to its
typical shape, it enlarges the area of the pole, so
that more flux can pass through the air gap to
armature.
Material Used: low reluctance magnetic material
such as cast steel or cast iron
Field winding: field coil wound on pole
G mechanical the
= ...............................................(2)
Eb = back emf in volts
Ia = armature current in ampere
Thus, ( )
Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor:
( )
=
When supply voltage V is kept constant, speed of the
motor will be inversely proportional to flux.
In dc series motor field exciting current is equal to
armature current which is nothing but a load
current.
Therefore at light load when saturation is not
attained, flux will be proportional to the armature
current and hence speed will be inversely
proportional to armature current.
Hence speed and armature current characteristics
is hyperbolic curve upto saturation.
As the load increases the armature current
increases and field gets saturated, once the field
gets saturated flux will become constant
irrespective of increases in the armature current.
Therefore at heavy load the speed of the dc series
motor remains constant.
This type of dc series motor has high starting
torque.
Speed Vs Torque characteristics of DC Series
motor
The Speed Vs Torque characteristics of dc series
motor will be similar to the Speed Vs Armature
current characteristics it will be rectangular
hyperbola, as shown in the fig.
Applications of DC series Motor-
Types of starter:
1. Three point starter
2. Four point starter
Working
To start with the handle is in the OFF position when the supply to the DC
motor is switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the spring
force to make a contact with stud No. 1.
At this point, field winding of the shunt or the compound motor gets
supply through the parallel path provided to starting resistance, through
No Voltage Coil. While entire starting resistance comes in series with the
armature.
The high starting armature current thus gets limited as the current
equation at this stage becomes Ia = E/(Ra+Rst).
As the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs 2,
3, 4 etc., thus gradually cutting off the series resistance from the
armature circuit as the motor gathers speed.
Finally when the starter handle is in 'RUN' position, the entire starting
resistance is eliminated and the motor runs with normal speed.
Now the obvious question is once the handle is taken to the RUN position
how is it supposed to stay there, as long as motor is running ?
Continue.
The supply to the field winding is derived through no voltage coil. So
when field current flows, the NVC is magnetized.
Now when the handle is in the 'RUN' position, soft iron piece connected
to the handle and gets attracted by the magnetic force produced by NVC,
because of flow of current through it.
The NVC is designed in such a way that it holds the handle in 'RUN'
position against the force of the spring as long as supply is given to the
motor. Thus NVC holds the handle in the 'RUN' position and hence also
called hold on coil.
Now when there is any kind of supply failure, the current flow through
NVC is affected and it immediately looses its magnetic property and is
unable to keep the soft iron piece on the handle, attracted.
At this point under the action of the spring force, the handle comes back
to OFF position, opening the circuit and thus switching off the motor. So
due to the combination of NVC and the spring, the starter handle always
comes back to OFF position whenever there is any supply problems.
Thus it also acts as a protective device safeguarding the motor from any
kind of abnormality.
4 Point Starter
The 4 point starter like in the case of a 3 point starter also acts as a
protective device that helps in safeguarding the armature of the
shunt or compound excited dc motor against the high starting
current produced in the absence of back emf at starting.
Apart from this above mentioned fact, the 4 point and 3 point
starters are similar in all other ways like possessing is a variable
resistance, integrated into number of sections as shown in the figure
above. The contact points of these sections are called studs and are
shown separately as OFF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, RUN, over which the handle
is free to be maneuvered manually to regulate the starting current
with gathering speed.
Working
Considering that supply is given and the handle is taken stud No.1, then
the circuit is complete and line current that starts flowing through the
starter. In this situation we can see that the current will be divided into 3
parts, flowing through 3 different points.
i) 1 part flows through the starting resistance (R1+ R2+ R3..) and then
to the armature.
ii) A 2nd part flowing through the field winding F.
iii) And a 3rd part flowing through the no voltage coil in series with the
protective resistance R.
Any change in the shunt field circuit does not bring about any change in
the no voltage coil as the two circuits are independent of each other.
This essentially means that the electromagnet pull subjected upon the
soft iron bar of the handle by the no voltage coil at all points of time
should be high enough to keep the handle at its RUN position, or rather
prevent the spring force from restoring the handle at its original OFF
position, irrespective of how the field rheostat is adjusted.
Induction Motors
Introduction
Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered machines
in industry
simple design, rugged, low-price, easy
maintenance
wide range of power ratings: fractional
horsepower to 10 MW
run essentially as constant speed from no-
load to full load
Its speed depends on the frequency of the
power source
not easy to have variable speed control
requires a variable-frequency power-
electronic drive for optimal speed control
Construction
Rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire (wound-rotor) similar to the winding on the
stator
aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by
two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped
circuit (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
Wound rotor
Notice
the slip
rings
Construction
Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical
wound-rotor
IM. Notice
the brushes
and the slip
rings
Brush
es
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings,
i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by
balanced three phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is
produced, rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency
and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is
called the synchronous speed in
rpm (revolutions per minute)
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
Principle of operation
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings
and produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short
circuited, for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and
induced current flows in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields
ind kBR Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the
magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
respectively
Induction motor speed
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is
the same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then
the rotor will appear stationary to the rotating
magnetic field and the rotating magnetic field will
not cut the rotor. So, no induced current will flow
in the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will be
produced so no torque is generated and the rotor
speed will fall below the synchronous speed
nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the
motor
The Slip
nsync nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying
the above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio
and doesnt have units
Induction Motors and Transformers
Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
Transformer: voltage applied to primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary
windings
Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator
windings produce an induced voltage in the rotor
windings
The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary
winding of the IM), the induced voltage in it does
not have the same frequency of the stator (the
primary) voltage
Frequency
The frequency of the voltage induced in
the rotor is given by
Pn
fr
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P (ns nm )
fr
120
P sns
sf e
120
Frequency
What would be the frequency of the rotors
induced voltage at any speed nm?
fr s fe
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the
frequency of the induced voltage is equal
to the supply frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency
will be zero
Torque
While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that
we should know some terms and quantities related
to mechanical power
Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft
will introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This
torque is related to the motor output power and
the rotor speed
load
Pout 2 nm
N .m
and m rad / s
m 60
Horse power
Totally enclosed
enclosure with
external cooling
means such as a
separately
controlled
motor/blower
Duties of Motors
The motor works at a constant load
Continuous
S1 for enough time to reach
duty
temperature equilibrium.
The motor works at a constant
load, but not long enough to reach
Short-time temperature equilibrium. The rest
S2
duty periods are long enough for the
motor to reach ambient
temperature.
Sequential, identical run and rest
cycles with constant load.
Intermittent
S3 Temperature equilibrium is never
periodic duty
reached. Starting current has little
effect on temperature rise.
Sequential, identical start, run and
Intermittent rest cycles with constant load.
S4 periodic duty Temperature equilibrium is not
with starting reached, but starting current
affects temperature rise.
Intermittent Sequential, identical cycles of
periodic duty starting, running at constant load
S5
with electric and running with no load. No rest
braking periods.
Continuous
Sequential, identical cycles of
operation
running with constant load and
S6 with
running with no load. No rest
intermittent
periods.
load
Continuous Sequential identical cycles of
operation starting, running at constant load
S7
with electric and electric braking. No rest
braking periods.
Continuous
operation Sequential, identical duty cycles
with periodic run at constant load and given
S8
changes in speed, then run at other constant
load and loads and speeds. No rest periods.
speed
Operating Electric Motors
Once a motor has been wired and
installed properly, operation is limited
to safety precautions and turning on a
switch.
Safety Precautions
Visually inspect motor, pulleys, belts
and machine to be driven for anything
harmful
Listen for strange noises, humming or
tapping
Smell to check for burning
Feel motor housing to be sure it has
not overheated
Visually check to make sure motor is
not vibrating excessively
Motor Protection and
Maintenance
Overload Protection
Overload caused by:
Motor size too small for job
Improper wiring and low voltage
Improper installation
Belts too tight
Improper lubrication
Worn pulleys
Clogging due to overloads
Entry of foreign materials into motor
Protection:
Proper fusing of motor circuit
Built-in protection in motor
Manual reset switch control
Special motor starter (current-limiting starter)
Proper Installation