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Population Sampling: Nigel Paneth

This document discusses population sampling and important considerations for ensuring internal and external validity. It outlines sampling schemes to avoid such as haphazard, volunteer, and convenience samples, which can introduce bias. Recommended sampling schemes include simple random sampling, where every individual has an equal chance of being selected, and stratified random sampling, where the population is divided into subgroups that are sampled randomly. A simple random sample selects a fixed number of individuals from the overall population, while a stratified random sample selects different numbers from subgroups to ensure representation. Proper sampling is important for drawing valid statistical conclusions about populations.

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79 views

Population Sampling: Nigel Paneth

This document discusses population sampling and important considerations for ensuring internal and external validity. It outlines sampling schemes to avoid such as haphazard, volunteer, and convenience samples, which can introduce bias. Recommended sampling schemes include simple random sampling, where every individual has an equal chance of being selected, and stratified random sampling, where the population is divided into subgroups that are sampled randomly. A simple random sample selects a fixed number of individuals from the overall population, while a stratified random sample selects different numbers from subgroups to ensure representation. Proper sampling is important for drawing valid statistical conclusions about populations.

Uploaded by

yusthinmanglapy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POPULATION SAMPLING

Nigel Paneth
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS
THAT UNDERLY SAMPLING
1. INTERNAL VALIDITY. The extent to
which we can be sure that the result we
find within our study sample is real and
valid.
2. EXTERNAL VALIDITY. The extent to
which we can be sure that the results
we find in our study sample can be
generalized to other samples.
SAMPLING SCHEMES
TO AVOID
HAPHAZARD SAMPLE - anyone who
comes in, or mixtures of sources.
VOLUNTEER SAMPLE - all who wish to
participate.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE - the easiest
sample for an investigator to obtain.
BIASED SAMPLE - A sample constituted
in such a way that inferences will be
misleading.
Sampling schemes to use
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE - Every
individual in the sampling unit has
the same chance of being chosen.
2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE -
The sampling unit is divided
according to some characteristic,
and all individuals with the same
characteristic have the same
chance of being chosen, which is
different for each characteristic.
SIMPLE AND STRATIFIED
RANDOM SAMPLES

In a simple random sample, you may


sample one out of five men and one
out of five women. Both men and
women have the same chance of
being sampled.
In a stratified random sample, you
may take one out of five women and
one out of ten men. Women are
twice as likely to be sampled.
MORE SAMPLING SCHEMES TO USE
3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE - A simple random
sample, but instead of randomly selecting each
individual, the first is selected, and then all
others are at a systematic distance from the first
(e.g. every tenth case thereafter). Potentially
biased, use with caution.
4. CLUSTER SAMPLE - Same as simple random
sample, but the unit of interest to be sampled is
ecological, not individual.
5.TWO-STAGE SAMPLE - Sampling is done in
two consecutive stages. Usually a cluster sample
(e.g. houses) is followed by simple random
sample (individuals within houses).
WHATS WRONG HERE?
A second, smaller study involved women recruited
.. with the cooperation of DES Action, an organized
consumer action group. Participants in this group
responded to a letter sent to the DES Action mailing
list, to posters, or to presentations in classes on the
Berkeley campus. Each participant completed a
questionnaire and donated a sample of blood.
Based on responses to questions regarding the use
of medications such as DES by their mothers during
their pregnancies, the participants were grouped into
those exposed to DES in utero, those not exposed,
and those unsure of their status with regard to DES
exposure. The two groups were further limited to
include only white females aged 25-35 years, which
yielded a group of 33 DES-exposed individuals and a
group of 21 unexposed controls.

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