Number Systems

Chpt. 2
TOPIC OUTLINE
Numbers systems
Conversion of one number system to other number
system
Binary to Decimal, Octal and Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary, Decimal and Octal
Binary Arithmetic
1s and 2s Complement
OBJECTIVES
After completing this topic, students will be able to:
Explain and demonstrate
conversion of one number system to another number
system
Binary arithmetic Addition and Subtraction
1s and 2s complement
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES (ILO)
Apply and demonstrate the different method of
converting one number system, binary addition and
subtraction and 1s and 2s complement to another
in a given problem
ASSESSMENT TASK
Assignment
Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, 9, No No
decimal A, B, F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
Conversion Among Bases
The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

pp. 40-46
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for
fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example
Bit 0

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the weight of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
Add the results
Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right
Convert to octal digits
Example
1011010111
2 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right
Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
1010111011 =
2 ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1076 = ?
8 16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C = ?
16 8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise Convert ... Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Dont use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Answer
Exercise Convert Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
Common Powers (2 of 2)
Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

What is the value of k, M, and G?

In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies
Example In the lab
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =
Exercise Free Space
Determine the free space on all drives on a machine in the lab

Free space
Drive Bytes GB
A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.
Review multiplying powers
For common bases, add powers
ab ac = ab+c

26 210 = 216 = 65,536

or
26 210 = 64 210 = 64k
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
two

pp. 36-38
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries
E.g.,

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

pp. 39
Multiplication (2 of 3)
Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Multiplication (3 of 3)
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values
E.g.,

1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Fractions
Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp. 46-50
Fractions
Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
Fractions
.14579
Decimal to binary x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
Exercise Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
298
101.1101
3.07
C82
Dont use a calculator!
BINARY
ARITHEMITIC
 Addition of Binary Numbers

0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 carry 1

Example:
1111
+ 1100
10011

67
 Subtraction of Binary Numbers

0-0 = 0
0 - 1 = 1 borrow 1
1-0 = 1
1-1 = 0

Example:
1101
- 1011
0010
68
 Complements
rs (radix complement) = 2's complement
r-1s (diminished radix) = 1's complement

1's complement obtained by subtracting the bit

from 1 (inverse)

Example:
10101 = 01010 1's complement

69
 Complements
2's complement obtained by taking the 1's
complement then adding 1 to
the least significant bit (LSB) of the
complemented number

Example:
10101 = 01010 1's complement
+ 1
01011 2's complement

70
Example of 1s complement

Subtract (1010)2 from (1111) 2

1s complement method
Direct Subtraction
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1s complement 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
Carry 1 01 0 0
0 1 01
Add Carry 1

0 10 1
71
Example of 2s complement

Subtract (1010)2 from (1111) 2

2s complement method
Direct Subtraction

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0 2s complement 0 1 1 0
0 1 01 Carry 1 01 0 1

72
Summary Complements
1s Complement
1. Take the 1's complement of the subtrahend then add it to the minuend.
2. If there is an end carry in the sum, add it to the LSB of the sum, otherwise get
the 1's complement and prefix a negative (-) sign.

2s Complement
1. Get the two's complement of the subtrahend then add it to the minuend
2. If there is an end carry in the sum, disregard, otherwise take the 2's
complement of the sum then a prefix a negative sign (-)

73
Thank you

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