Energy Update 2015

Week 1 BMM4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Topic 1. Introduction To Energy Resources Update 2015

Plane Search Raises Questions About Sea of Floating Junk
By Colleen Curry March 29, 2014 6:45 AM
The search for debris from missing Malaysia Airlines flight 370 has
not turned up any evidence of a crash, but it has trained the world's
gaze on thousands of pieces of junk floating on the ocean's surface.
Much of that debris could be made up of plastics, old appliances or
parts of homes that have washed away from fragile communities,
and cargo containers from ships, according to ocean advocacy
Topic 1. Introduction To Energy Resources - Update 2015
Plane Search Raises Questions About Sea of Floating Junk
By Colleen Curry March 29, 2014 6:45 AM
The Pacific Garbage Patches: The most heavily-researched and well-known example of plastic
pollution in the ocean is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, made up of some 3.5 million tons of
plastic beverage bottles, grocery bags, and plastic goods that have been pushed together by
water currents that circulate between the west coast of North America and the east coast of
China and Russia.
The Five Ocean Gyres: Pollutions can easily get caught in one of the five "gyres" of the ocean:
the northern and southern Atlantic gyres, the Indian Ocean gyre, and the northern and
southern Pacific gyres. The term describes water that moves in a circular, rotational current over
a vast space in the ocean, pulling in stray plastics as it moves until they collide and merge with
one another. B ecause these gyres are trafficked heavily by cargo ships, the garbage patches
contain large objects that have gone overboard from ships, including entire cargo containers.
Indian Ocean's Plastic Problem: Researchers only began focusing on plastic pollution in the
Indian Ocean in recent years, and in 2010 discovered garbage patches much like the famous
Pacific Garbage Patch, according to Coastal Cares, a clean ocean advocacy group.
Plastic Breaks Down: As the garbage floats into the gyres it is broken down by salt and UV rays and
begins releasing chemical properties into the water that then enter the food system, according to the
Scripps Institute at the University of California San Diego. The plastics also fall into smaller pieces
that can make them difficult to clean up.
The Ten Worst Worldwide Mining Disasters
1. April 26, 1942 Honkeiko Colliery, China 1,549 miners died
2. March 10, 1906 Courrieres, France , 1,100 died in a coal dust explosion.
3. November 9, 1963 Omuta, Japan . An explosion in a coal mine killed 447.
4. October 14, 1913 Senghenydd, Wales, Uk . The worst of the Welsh coal
mining diasters killed 438 men and boys
5. January 1, 1960 Coalbrook, South Africa. 437 casualties.
6. June 6, 1972 , Wankie, Rhodesia. A coal mine explosion kills 427.
7. May 28, 1965 Dhanbad, India. 375 miners die in a coal mine fire.
8. December 27, 1975 Chasnala, India. A coal mine explosion, followed by
flooding kills 372.
9. December 12, 1866 Barnsley, England, UK . 361 casualties.
10.December 6, 1907. Monongah, WV 361 casualties.
NB: The worst mining disaster in US history is said to have provided the origins
of the first Fathers Day celebration. A woman named Grace Clayton asked
her church to hold a Sunday memorial for the fathers lost in the mine. The
commemoration was held in a church in Fairmont, West Virginia.
Sarawak mine 112 Workers most foreigners

explosion 3 died
8:45 am 12 seriously injured
22/11/14
Sarawak mine
explosion
8:45 am
22/11/14
Sarawak mine
explosion
8:45 am
22/11/14
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
Average car drives 20,000 km/year, consumes Renewable energies such as wind are
2300 liters of gasoline, and produces 2.5 kg of called green energy since they emit no
CO2 per liter, several times its weight pollutants or greenhouse gases
8
Efcient Energy Use
Efciency measures are found to make the largest contribution in climate
change mitigation. Unfortunately important topic of rational and efcient
use of energy is rarely pursued vigorously in national or supranational plans
in spite of the fact that study after study has shown that this route provides
the most cost effective way to meet sustainability goals.
In most countries, regulations and nancial incentives are now in place to
encourage energy efciency but their effect is modest and national energy
consumption gures continue to rise year on year. Energy efciency must
be the linchpin of any future energy strategy.
i. Using energy as efciently as possible is the iii. By reducing energy bills, energy ef ciency
most cost effective way to manage energy will help businesses to be more productive
demand, and thus to address carbon emissions. and competitive.
Saving energy is cheaper than making it. iv. Improving the energy standards of homes
ii. By reducing demand on gas and electricity has an important role in reducing spending
distribution networks, energy efciency will on fuel by those in fuel poverty
improve the security and resilience of these
networks and reduce dependence on imported
fuels.
Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air Malaysia (KeTTHA)
Kementerian telah berubah daripada sebuah kementerian yang menyediakan
perkhidmatan kepada kementerian yang menggubal dasar dan mengawalselia
perkhidmatan bagi sektor Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi.
Dengan ini, teras utama peranan Kementerian adalah memudahkan juga mengawal
pertumbuhan industri di dalam sektor-sektor tersebut bagi memastikan
perkhidmatan yang diberi kepada pengguna seluruh negara adalah berkualiti tinggi,
efisyen dan selamat digunakan dengan harga yang berpatutan. Tugas-tugas
kawalselia Kementerian dilaksanakan oleh badan-badan kawalselianya iaitu
Suruhanjaya Tenaga juga Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia.
VISI KeTTHA
Menjadi pemangkin utama bagi pembangunan yang dinamik dan berdaya tahan
dalam industri tenaga, air dan komunikasi Malaysia.
MISI KeTTHA
Membangun serta menggubal dasar yang inovatif dan strategik, merangka rangka
kerja kawalselia sendiri serta membentuk satu sistem pengurusan yang berdaya
maju, berkesan juga efisyen.
OBJEKTIF KeTTHA
Untuk memastikan wujudnya satu infrastruktur yang bersepadu, efisyen dan
berkualiti tinggi bagi industri tenaga, air dan komunikasi.
Untuk menyediakan persekitaran yang sesuai bagi pembangunan industri
tenaga, air dan komunikasi.
Untuk memastikan kemajuan teknologi bagi industri tenaga, air dan
komunikasi yang berterusan menerusi penyelidikan dan pembangunan
Untuk memastikan servis mahupun penghantaran tenaga, air dan komunikasi
di seluruh negara adalah efisyen serta efektif dengan harga yang termampu di
samping meningkatkan produktiviti seharian juga kualiti hidup.
Untuk memastikan bekalan atau keperluan mahupun peruntukan tenaga, air
serta komunikasi sentiasa berterusan dan terjamin.
Untuk mewujudkan sistem pengawalseliaan yang dinamik dan progresif bagi
menggalakkan pertumbuhan pasaran di samping mengawal kesan yang
mungkin timbul daripada industri tenaga, air dan komunikasi kepada
masyarakat mahupun persekitaran.
Untuk terus-menerus mempertingkatkan sistem sokongan pengurusan
korporat.
SEQUENCE AND THRUSTS OR OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY POLICIES AND INIATIVES IN MALAYSIA
Year Policy Plan Thrust / Objective
Ensure optimal use of petroleum resources via regulation of

1975 National Petroleum Policy ownership and management of the industry including related
economic, social, and environmental safeguards.
Achieve supply and utilization of energy resources with
1979 National Energy Policy
environmental considerations.
Guard against over-exploitation and hence dependency on crude oil
1980 National Depletion Policy
and natural gas.
1981 Four-Fuel Diversifications Policy Strategize generation mix as based on oil, gas, coal, and hydro.
1998 National Mineral Policy Utilized locally sourced coal.
2001 Five-Fuel Diversifications Policy Recognize renewable as fifth fuel in generation mix.
Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP)

2001 Encourage small private power generation projects using renewables.
programme
Use green technology and promote cogeneration and renewables in
2009 National Green Technology Policy
power generation.
Enhance energy security to include economic, environmental, and
2010 New Energy Policy
social considerations.
2011 Renewable Energy Act Enforce Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) scheme for RE.
2011 National Biomass Strategy 2020 Recognize use of biomass waste for biofuels.
Case 1 Topic 1. Introduction To Energy Resources - Update 2015
On the average, 0.59 kg of CO2 is produced for each kWh of electricity

generated from a power plant that burns natural gas. A typical new household
refrigerator uses about 700 kWh of electricity per year. Had a renewable
energy source been used in its place, determine the reduction in the amount
of CO2 emissions in a city with 300,000 households.
With reference to Figure below,
discuss if the reduction would have a
significant effect on Malaysias effort
to reduce CO2 emission by 40% by
2020 from that of 2005 level as
announced by the Prime Minister in
the United Nation Framework on
Climate Change (UNFCC) conference
on 15 December 2009 in Copenhagen.
The Malaysian population is expected
CO2 (103 tonnes) Emissions from gaseous
to reach 28.8 million by 2020. fuel consumption in Malaysia
1 household consumes 700 kWh of electricity for refrigeration

Amount of CO2 produced = 700 0.59 = 413 kg per year
Total CO2 produced by 300,000 household = 413 300,000 = 123,900 ton per year
Refrigerators in the city are responsible for the production of 123,900 tons of CO2 per year.
The value for CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption in Malaysia estimated 64,000 x 103
ton as of 2005 from the graph.
Target reduction 40% by 2020 = 0.60 64,000 x 103 = 38,400 x 103 ton per year
By 2020 the population 28.8 million with average of 5 members in a household

28.8106
Estimated household is = = 5760 103
5
Projected CO2 production from refrigerator requirement as compared to projected CO2
reduction by 2020
2,380
= 5760 103 413 = 2,380 103 ton per year = = 6%
38,400
It has a significant effect
The New Straits Times, 22 October 2012 reported a Malaysias progress in
Environmental Index (EPI) as shown by Yale-Columbia universities. The ranking
which covers 132 countries reveal Malaysias position moving from 54th to 25th,
being third in Asia Pacific. The success was attributed to the introduction of a
more comprehensive Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 which was
gazetted on 16 August 2012 and to be fully implemented by 2 January 2013.
Reasons For The Achievement
1. Environmental watch group and report cases ranging from open burning to toxic waste disposal.
2. Incentives by the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry to report environment breaches.
3. Lack of enforcement officers had restricted the ministry from getting enough evidence to prosecute environmental
offenders
4. Appeal to the public to come forward and become the ministry's eyes and ears
5. Action will be promptly taken as we are serious about acting against activities which damage the environment."
6. Amendments to the act also provide anonymity and protection to whistleblowers.
7. Provide the director-general power to issue stop-work orders on projects that damage the environment, which was
previously solely under the minister's purview.
8. Officers in the environment department also have the power to arrest those who commit environmental offences
and hand them over to a police station
9. Fines for environmental offences increased to a deterant quantum.
10. Overall, the amendment of the act focuses on strengthening the management of the Environment Impact
Assessment.
11. More proactive enforcement mechanism so that the development projects do not harm the quality of the
environment and the health of the people
Renewable Energy Act 2010 provides for the establishment and
implementation of a special Feed-In Tariff (FIT) system to accelerate the
uptake of renewable energy in grid-connected areas which makes it cost-
effective for people to generate their own clean electricity and sells the excess
electricity to the people. Suggest FIVE (5) benefits from the FIT system if
effectively implemented.
1. Reduce CO2 emissions by replacing fossil fuel-based power production with
clean, renewable sources of energy
2. Create jobs - for example the German renewables industry employs around
234,000 people. Almost 60% of which were employed as a direct result of
the German FIT law.
3. Secure domestic energy supply - enabling countries to stop relying on
imported fossil fuels
4. Guarantee investment security for renewable energy investors
5. Drive technological innovation, and
6. Provide fair market conditions for renewables which without this system,
compete with heavily-subsidised conventional energy.
Malaysian disposed almost 930 tonnes of food waste daily (The STAR,
2011). There are 296 landfill/dumpsites in Malaysia and 166 are still in
operation which include 9 sanitary landfills. Landfill produces one of the
greenhouse gases (GHG), methane CH4 which is 21 times higher than
carbon dioxide CO2.
Sanitary landfills as a proper management of MSW that will not only

provide public wellness but it also contributes to reduction of GHG
emission.
Ocean Energy Conversion

Malaysia is less favourable to benefit from clean alternative energy
utilization in spite of its vast coastline of approximately 4,675 km and
main river waterways of 38,000 km. The average depth of Malaysian sea
water is around 200 meters measured at 200 km from the shoreline. The
maximum range between low and high tides is approximately 5.0
meters. The average sea water current speed is around 0.8 m/s.
Operation of a hydrokinetic device for stream tidal is typically 24 knots
(12.1 m/s).
To date, Malaysia is still a net energy exporter. The Malaysian government has
formulated quite a number of energy-related policies to ensure sustainability and
security of energy supply. By the target year of rice self-sufficiency in 2015 at 2.6
million tonne, Malaysia stands to gain from its own renewable energy potential
from rice husks and rice straw generated at the rate of 20% and 70%, respectively.
Rice husks and rice straw have an estimated heating calorific value of 18 GJ/tonne.
The rice production in 2010 was 2.48 million tonne.
(1 tonne = 1000 kg)
Given data: 1 KWh = 3.6 MJ = 3.6 x 10-3 GJ
1 Billion barrel of oil equivalent (bboe) = 6.12 GJ = 1.7 MWh
Rate of biomass fuel conversion to electric = 35%
Cost of 1 bboe = US $66 and 1 US$ = RM 3.40
Their contribution in renewable energy
resources for the electrical energy
generation in 2010 had it been fully
utilised in the light of 9th Malaysian
Plan (2006-2010) target of 5%
renewable energy in total energy mix
The production of 2.48 million tonne rice in 2010
Rice husk generated = 2.48 106 0.20 = 496 103 tonne
Rice straw generated = 2.48 106 0.70 = 1,736 103 tonne
Heat from husk-straw = 1,736 + 496 103 18 = 40,176 103 GJ
Elect conversion at 35% = 40,176 103 GJ 0.35 = 14,062 103 GJ
1 kWh
= 14,062 103 GJ
3.6 x 10 3 GJ
= 3.91 109 kWh = 3,910 GWh
Total electricity generation in 2010 is 137,909 GWh

3,910
Hence, 3,910 GWh from biomass rice hull-straw = 100 = 2.84%
137,909
Contribution from rice hull-straw if fully utilised, estimated at 2.84% is
significant i.e. more than 50% of the 9th Malaysian Plan target of 5%
renewable energy in total energy mix. There are other renewable energy
resources particularly more dominant agriculture residue from oil palm
plantation.
Discuss the Nations Future Power Needs And Energy Security with respect to the following
development: 8th Malaysian Plan 2001-2005
1. Feed-in Tariff Policy (FiT) 9th Malaysian Plan 2006-2010
2. Renewable Energy Act 2010 10th Malaysian Plan 2011-2015
3. Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) Bill
Malaysian Energy Demand-Supply Balance

Biomass would be a feature in the source of Malaysia renewable energy mix in the near future from abundance of
the resources in oil palm and rice production as it aspire to become rice self-sufficient in year 2015 while maintain
as the chief exporter of world palm oil. In conjunction with zero CO2 emission fluidized bed technology seem to be
an attractive possibility of future for power generation while addressing the solution of waste disposal problems
and the reduction of greenhouse gases. Discuss (in 1800-2000 words) the potential of the renewable energy mix
program from the following standpoints:-
i. New Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy
ii. Energy Security
iii. Environmental Impact
iv. Commitment in Kyoto protocol to reduce their CO2 emissions by 5% below the 1990
v. Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits
vi. Saving In Energy Cost

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Week 1 BMM4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

Topic 1. Introduction To Energy Resources Update 2015

Sarawak mine 112 Workers most foreigners

The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change

Ensure optimal use of petroleum resources via regulation of

1998 National Mineral Policy Utilized locally sourced coal.

Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP)

On the average, 0.59 kg of CO2 is produced for each kWh of electricity

1 household consumes 700 kWh of electricity for refrigeration

By 2020 the population 28.8 million with average of 5 members in a household

Sanitary landfills as a proper management of MSW that will not only

Ocean Energy Conversion

Total electricity generation in 2010 is 137,909 GWh

Malaysian Energy Demand-Supply Balance

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