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Simple Cosmological Models: Detail Analysis

1. The document discusses simple cosmological models including stationary, expanding, and empty universe models. It also covers models dominated by matter, radiation, and dark energy. 2. Equations are provided for the scale factor, Hubble parameter, redshift, time of emission, proper distance, and horizon in each model. 3. Examples are worked through to calculate distances and times based on observed redshift values using the different cosmological models.

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Shearyar Khan
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97 views28 pages

Simple Cosmological Models: Detail Analysis

1. The document discusses simple cosmological models including stationary, expanding, and empty universe models. It also covers models dominated by matter, radiation, and dark energy. 2. Equations are provided for the scale factor, Hubble parameter, redshift, time of emission, proper distance, and horizon in each model. 3. Examples are worked through to calculate distances and times based on observed redshift values using the different cosmological models.

Uploaded by

Shearyar Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple Cosmological Models

DETAIL ANALYSIS
Stationary Universe
2

a 2 8 G c 2
( ) 2 2 2
a 3c R0 a
a 4p G
=- (e + 3P).
a 3c 2
What Can We Find?
3

Take m = 1.8 mp (density parameter m = 0.3)

2
c

8 G

(new ) (old )

Also, R
Expanded Universe4

Proper distance from the center of the Earth:


p = d
a(t)
H(t)
te(z)
d(z) = r
de(z)

Our time: t0 = 0
Empty Universe
5

a 2 8 G c 2
( ) 2
2 2
a 3c R0 a
c 2
a
2
2
R 0

a 1 H 0t , H 0 c / R0
t B t H
Redshift
6

z
te t H
z 1
d ct H ln( z 1)
ln( z 1)
d e ct H
z 1
Empty Universe dash line (second from the top)

7
8
Example
9

A supernova explosion was detected on the Earth


in our time. The current distance to supernova is
1 Gly. How long ago the light from supernova
was emitted?
Use the model of the empty Universe.
Universe Dominated by Matter
10

Curved Universe
a 2 8 G c 2
( ) 2 m 2 2
a 3c R0 a
Flat Universe:
a 2 8 G
( ) 2 m
a 3c
11

3
a (1 H 0t ) 2/3
2
t B 2t H / 3
t t B t 2t H / 3
a (3H 0 / 2) 2/3

2
H
3
Time of Emission
12

2 1
e tH
3 ( z 1) 3/2

2 1
t L 0 e t H 1
3 z 1
3/2
Proper Distance
13

1
d 2ctH 1
z 1
2ctH 1
de 1
z 1 z 1
Horizon 2ctH
Matter Universe dotted line (third from the top)

14
15
Flat Universe Dominated by
Radiation
16

a H0 / a
a (1 2 H 0t )
1/2

H 1 / 2
tB tH / 2
t tB
a 2 H 0
Flat Universe Dominated by Radiation
17

tH
e
2( z 1) 2

z
d r ct H
z 1
z
d e ct H
( z 1) 2

Horizon ctH
Radiation Universe solid line

18
19
Flat Universe Dominated by the Dark
Energy
20

H H0
ae H 0t

te tH ln( z 1)
d ctH z
z
d e ctH
z 1
21
Figure 5.3: The proper distance to an object with observed
redshift z.

22
Using computers we can find a(t) and all other
parameters for an arbitrary densities of the matter,
radiation, and dark energy.
Example
24

A supernova, which is currently at a distance of 5 Gly


from the Solar system, exploded 5 Gy ago. When the light
from the supernova came (or will come) to the Earth? Use
the model of the dark energy Universe.
29
Useful Information
30

Earth:
Radius 6.4 Mm.
ly = 9.46x1015 m (9.46 Pm)
31

Sun:
Mass 2x1030 kg
Radius 700 Mm

Period of rotation about 30 days (non-


uniform)
Orbital speed in the Milky Way 200 km/s

Distance to the center of Milky Way 26 kly

Luminosity 3.8x1026 W
32

Universe energy density (Planck mission):


10-26 kg/m3 (6 mp).
Dark energy 71.4% (4.3 mp)
Dark matter 24% (1.4 mp)
Barionic matter 4.6% (0.3 mp)

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