GEO362

Principles of Cartography

THEMATIC MAPS
&
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
LECTURER: FARADINA MARZUKHI
DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATIC
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
UiTM, PERLIS
THEMATIC MAP
What is Thematic Map?
Specifically designed map to deliver single or more
themes information of a single spatial phenomena.
 What is the typical steps to
represent real world on map?

Consider what the real world distribution of the

Step 1
phenomenon might look like

Determine the purpose of the map and its

Step 2
intended audience

Step 3 Collect data appropriate for the map's purpose

Step 4 Design and construct the map

Determine whether users find the map useful

Step 5
and informative
 Analyze the data and classify the
phenomena :
Scales of measurement :-
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

In designing effective thematic maps, classification of

data into one of the above classes is necessary
Review on the measurement scale:

Nominal Data :
Point Line Area
Town River Swamp

Mine Road Desert

Church Graticule Forest
Bench Census
Boundary
mark regions
Review on the measurement scale:
Ordinal Data :
Point Line (roads) Area
Large National Industrial regions
Provincial Major Minor
Medium
County
Small Township
Smoke pollution

Examples of differentiation of point, line and area features on an

ordinal scale of measurement.
After Robinson, et al., 1995
Review on the measurement scale:
Interval Ratio Data :
Point Line (roads) Area

Examples of differentiation of point, line and area features on an

interval or ratio scale of measurement.
After Robinson, et al., 1995
 Basic Statistical Concepts and
Processes in Thematic Mapping
Involve the manipulation of the collected raw
data

Objective :
To deliver the information of the phenomena in
most effective style and manner
 Absolute and Derived Data

Absolute Data Derived Data

Summarisation or
raw data maps showing relationship between
landuse categories, features.
production of goods,
elevations above sea level, Statistical
Updated new information
etc. Process
Four classes of
existing data or current relationships: averages,
condition of the data ratios, densities and
potentials.
 Basic Four Class of Relationships

Class of relationships Description

Average Measure the central tendency of the
data

Potential Individuals comprising a distribution

(e.g. people or prices) interact or
influence one another.

Ratio Measure the proportional trend

between variables

Densities Sparseness of discrete phenomena

 What is average ?
Measures of central tendency
Three commonly used averages in
cartography:
Arithmetic mean
Median
Mode

Thematic Mapping 12
 Arithmetic Mean

Arithmetic mean

x i
x i 1
N
Xi = measured cases (e.g : bilangan pesakit denggi)
N =total population (e.g : jumlah penduduk)

Thematic Mapping 13
 Median and Mode
Median - the attribute value in the middle of all ordered
attribute values
Geographic median - the attribute value below which and
above which half the total area occurs

Mode - the value that occurs most frequently in a

distribution
Area modal class - the class which occupies the greatest
proportion of an area

Thematic Mapping 14
 What is Ratios ?
Something per unit of something else

Ratio or rate Proportion Percentage

na = cerai na na
x x x 100
nb = harmoni N = jumlah N

Quantities that are not comparable should never be made the

basis for a ratio
na,nb = occurred events
N = population sample

Thematic Mapping 15
 What is densities?
Relative geographical crowding or sparseness
of discrete phenomena

n
D
A

n = occurred events
A = population sample

Thematic Mapping 16
 What is Potentials ?
Individuals comprising a distribution
(e.g. people or prices) interact or
influence one another.

Thematic Mapping 17
In some cases of thematic map
application, classification of data is
necessary
Natural breaks
Equal interval
Equal area
Quartile
Standard deviation

Thematic Mapping 18
 30000

25000

Example: World Maximum = 30127

Minimum = 0

Population Density (persons/sqkm)

20000

Mean = 291.3
Population Density 15000

10000
Std = 1947.1

5000

19
Natural Breaks
1000
Class 1 Class 2

800
Population Density (persons/sqkm)

600

400

200

Thematic Mapping 20
 35

30

Natural Breaks 25

20

Frequency
(Cont.) 15

10

0
2 6 10 30 50 70 90 150 250 350 450 600 800 1000 3000 5000

Thematic Mapping 21
Equal Interval
1000
Class 1

800
Population Density (persons/sqkm)

600

400

200

Thematic Mapping 22
 35

Equal Interval 30

25

(Cont.) 20

Frequency
15

10

0
2 6 10 30 50 70 90 150 250 350 450 600 800 1000 3000 5000

Thematic Mapping 23
 Equal Area
1000

Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Class 1

Class 2
800
Population Density (persons/sqkm)

600

400

200

Thematic Mapping 24
 35

30

25

Equal Area (Cont.) 20

Frequency
15

10

0
2 6 10 30 50 70 90 150 250 350 450 600 800 1000 3000 5000

Thematic Mapping 25
Quartile measurement
1000

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

800
Population Density (persons/sqkm)

600

400

200

Thematic Mapping 26
 35

30

Quartile (Cont.)
25

20

Frequency
15

10

0
2 6 10 30 50 70 90 150 250 350 450 600 800 1000 3000 5000

Thematic Mapping 27
Standard Deviation
0 - 1 Std
1000

-1 Std - 0

800
Population Density (persons/sqkm)

Mean
600

400

Mean = 291.3
SD = 1947.1
200

Thematic Mapping 28
 35
Mean +1 Std +2
30

Standard Deviation 25

20

Frequency
15

10

0
2 6 10 30 50 70 90 150 250 350 450 600 800 1000 3000 5000

Mean = 291.3
SD = 1947.1

Thematic Mapping 29
Basic Steps on Thematic Map
Creation
Consider what the real world distribution of the
Step 1
phenomenon might look like

Determine the purpose of the map and its intended

Step 2
audience

Step 3 Collect data appropriate for the map's purpose

Step 4 Design and construct the map

- Determine measurement scale

- Determine feature class statistical information
- Thematic symbol design
Determine whether users find the map useful and
Step 5
informative
 Practical Example :

Corak Taburan (Pattern) Kadar

Penceraian di negeri-negeri
Semenanjung Malaysia
 Kadar Cerai (%) EQUAL AREA
80
70
60
50
40
30
Kadar Cerai (%)
20
10
0
 Kadar Cerai (%) EQUAL
80
70
60
INTERVAL
50
40
30
Kadar Cerai (%)
20
10
0
 Kadar Cerai (%) QUARTILE
80
70
60
50
40
30
Kadar Cerai (%)
20
10
0
TOPOGRAPHIC
MAP
Why we need topographic information ?

1. To understand the environment of

our surrounding
2. To maximize the use of our natural
resources for life, economy, and
survival
3. To develop a strategic development
4. Many more.
INFORMATION IN THE
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
What is the information consists in
topography map?
1. Hydrographic features
2. Cultural features
3. Relief information
4. Vegetation & Cultivation
5. Other information
1. HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES
Hydrographic features
represents all the water related
features, either natural or man
made.
i. Lake
ii. Ponds
iii. Reservoir
iv. River
v. Drainage
vi. Sea
vii. Peat & swamp
viii. Canal
ix. Water tank
x. Shoreline
HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES CATEGORIES :-
i. Natural hydrographic features
ii. Man made hydrographic features
iii. Other related hydrographic features

Swamp River
Drainage
i. Natural hydrographic features
Double line river
Single line river
River
Underground stream
Tidal limit
Current direction

Shoreline

Shoreline

Waterfall & rapids

Lake/Pool/Reservoir

Lake/Pool/Reservoir (indefinite)
ii. Man made hydrographic
features
Water pipe lines

Reservoir

Water tank
Canal/Drainage
 iii. Other related hydrographic features

Related hydrographic features is normally found in the surrounding areas of

pure hydrographic features.

It includes both natural and man made hydrographic features.

For e.g. : jetty, port, etc.

Rocks Jetty Dwarf - Breakwater

Lighthouse

1. Sand Dam / Weir

2. Mud
2. Cultural features
- all related man Building
made features, either
on land or water
surfaces
Road

Man made features

Railway

Boundary

Other related
features
Road
includes all kind of road that exists on the earth
feature symbolize and generalization strongly related on the hierarchy of the road
Railway
includes all kind of railway that exists on the earth

feature symbolize and generalization strongly related on the

hierarchy of the railway
 Other related
road & railway
features
portray other related road &
railway features whether
natural or man made based
features.
Buildings
Not all types of buildings can be resolved at the specified scale, therefore normally only
majority or dominant buildings is appear on topographic maps

Generalization process take

places
3.VEGETATION & CULTIVATION
Not all types of vegetation can be resolved at the specified scale, therefore normally
only majority or dominant crops is appear on topographic maps
4.BOUNDARY INFORMATION
Since topography map is being recognized as a reliable reference of
topography, therefore the boundary information appear in the map is
accurately being deliver
PROJECTION ON THE
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
What is the purpose of the topography
map?
To portray all general basis information about the topography of one area
including the hydrography features, cultural, terrain, and vegetation.

Other important information consists on topographic map is the boundary of

places, e.g : state, district, mukim, and national.

Therefore :-
We need to strongly preserved the direction and also
shape of the area.
 Malaysia is situated at the near
equator area, therefore,
cylindrical based projection is
the most suitable

Since our Malaysia country is not 100% Distortion on shape &

lies on the equator, therefore we need
to skew the cylinder projection to cover direction would affect the
the whole area. international boundary
 The RSO is an oblique Mercator projection
developed by Hotine in 1947. Hotine called
the projection as "rectified skew
orthomorphic (Northing,Easting).

This projection is orthomorphic (conformal)

and cylindrical.

A suitable projection for an area like

Switzerland, Italy, New Zealand, Madagascar,
and Malaysia as well.

The RSO provide an optimum solution in the

sense of minimizing distortion whilst
remaining conformal for Malaysia.

Its scale factor varies from 0.99984 to

1.0016 leading to a maximum scale
distortion of 1:6250.
Malaysian Revised
Triangulation (MRT)
Computed using data collected
in the period 1948 to 1966

Modified Everest ellipsoid

Origin Kertau, Pahang

The network consists of 77

geodetic, 240 primary, 837
secondary and 51 tertiary
stations
What about Sabah and Sarawak ?
Borneo Triangulation 1968
(BT68)
Resulted from the re-adjustment of
the primary control of East Malaysia
Modified Everest ellipsoid
Origin Timbalai, Labuan
The network consists :
1. Borneo West Coast Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah
(1930-1942),
2. Borneo East Coast Triangulation(1955-1960) and
3. some new points surveyed between 1961-1968
What about the coordinates systems ?
- We used constant spacing of grid
- Describe coordinates in meters, Easting Northing

Plane coordinates system is applied

Gridlines is used to distinguish
coordinates visual
 SCALE ON
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
What about scale?
normally the scale of topographic map range between
medium to large scale

In our topographic map, types of scale representation is :-

- representative fraction
- scale bar
SERIES AND LABELING OF
TOPOGRAPHY MAP
Who set the standard & based on what ?
national concern
in Malaysia, the organization that hold the priority
is JUPEM
protection against laws ( Akta rahsia 1972)
Akta kanun tanah negara

Creation of topographic map is strictly regulated and protected under laws.

The regulations is also applied to the updating process.
Therefore any works regarding topographic map need laws advisory
DEPICTING RELIEF ON
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Relief Information
What is relief information?
Relief information is the 2D height information display on the map

Why is relief information is important?

elevation of points on the ground and the relief of an area affect the
movement, positioning, and, in some cases, effectiveness of military units
 Mapmakers use several methods to depict
relief of the terrain.
Layer Tinting.
Layer tinting is a method of showing relief by color.
A different color is used for each band of elevation.
Each shade of color, or band, represents a definite
elevation range.
A legend is printed on the map margin to indicate the
elevation range represented by each color.

However, this method does not allow the map user

to determine the exact elevation of a specific
pointonly the range.
Layer Tinting
 Form Lines.
Form lines are not measured from any datum plane.
Form lines have no standard elevation and give only a
general idea of relief.
Form lines are represented on a map as dashed lines and
are never labeled with representative elevations.
 Shaded Relief.
Relief shading indicates relief by a shadow effect
achieved by tone and color that results in the
darkening of one side of terrain features, such as
hills and ridges.

The darker the shading, the steeper the slope.

Shaded relief is sometimes used in conjunction

with contour lines to emphasize these features.
Shaded Relief
 Hachures

1. Hachures are short, broken lines used to show relief.

2. Hachures are sometimes used with contour lines.

3. They do not represent exact elevations, but are mainly

used to show large, rocky outcrop areas.

4. Hachures are used extensively on small-scale maps to

show mountain ranges, and mountain peaks.
Hachures
 Contour Lines.

Contour lines are the most common method of showing

relief and elevation on a standard topographic map.

A contour line represents an imaginary line on the

ground, above or below sea level.

All points on the contour line are at the same elevation.

The elevation represented by contour lines is the vertical
distance above or below sea level.