Phylum Protozoa

Classifition

1.Excavata feeding groove on one side of the cell body

Important cell
Chaonocytes The exposed end bears a flagellum surrounded by a collar
Foaming a fine filtering device for staring food partides
from water
Messenchyme Recive particles for digestion from choanocytes
More specialized cells in the sponges
1.sclerocytes secrete spicules
2.spongocyes secrete the spongin fiber of the
skeleton
3.collencytes secrete fibrillar collagen
4.Lophocyes secrete large quantities of collagen
Pinocytes take up food particles by phagocytosis
help regulaterate of water flow
Asconoid sponges
Found in radially symmetrical calcarous
sponges: rarely exceed 10cm in height
Water moves through the ostia into the
spongocoel
Syconoid sponges
Syconoid condition: simple folding of the pinacoderm and choanoderm
mesohyl
may thicken and appear to have two layers
Water is brought in through the incurrent canals and then to radial canals
Leuconoid sponges
Water is brought in through incurrent canals, and discharged through
excurrent canals.
Most common type.
Classification
1. Class Calcarea
2. Class Hexactinellida
3. Class Demospongiae
1. Class Calcarea
Calcareous sponges
Spicules composed of calcium carbonate
Spicules are straight (monaxons) or have three or four rays.
Examples: Grantia, Leucosolenia
2. Class Hexactinellida
Most radially symmetry
Spicules made of glass (Siliceous spicules) six rayed, Deep water
sponges
Example: Euplectella
3. Class Demospongiae
large group (95% of living sponge)
Spicule - siliceoued (not 6 rays)
Examples
One family of freshwater sponges (Spongillidae)
Phylum Cnidaria
General information
Mesoglea - helps to support the body and acts as a type of elastic
Skeleton
The mesogleal layer is also very thick in scyphozoan medusae and
contains ameboid cells and fibers
Ectoderm gives rise to epidermis (outer body layer)
Endoderm gives rise to gastrodermis (inner body layer)
Cnidocyte the nematocyst , is used to inject a toxin for prey capture
and defense.
Alternation of Generations
The life cycle of most cnidarians includes two body forms.
Polyp-asexual, sessile stage that is attached to a substrate and has a
cylindrical body and a mouth surrounded by food gathering tentacles.
Medusa-dioecious, free swimming stage that is shaped like a bowl
with tentacles dangling down.
Form
Polyps
Somersault from base to tentacles
Wormlike movement using tentacles for attachment
Glide on base or walk on tentacles
Medusae
Swim and float
Horizontal movement-floating
Vertical movement-swimming through pulsations of the body
Classification
1. Class Hydrozoa
Alternation of generations present
Typical life cycle includes both asexual polyps and sexual medusa
stages
Nematocysts only on epidermis
2. Class Scyphozoa
medusae are large and contain massive amounts of mesoglea
Possess four gastric pouches lined with nematocysts
Fertilized eggs develop into a planula larva called scyphistoma
Scyphistoma produces a series of polyps by budding strobili
The polyps undergo differentiation and are released from the strobila
as free swimming ephyra
3. Class Staurozoa
commonly called stauromedusans
life cycle does not include a medusa phase
The solitary polyp body is and uses an adhesive disc to attach to
seaweeds and other objects on the sea bottom.
The top of the polyp resembles a medusa
he top of the polyp has eight extensions
4. Class Cubozoa
tentacle is differentiated into a flattened, tough blade called a
pedalium
umbrella margin is not scalloped, and the subumbrella edge turns
inward to form a velarium.
5. Class Anthozoa
no medusa stage
ends of the mouth is a ciliated groove called the siphonoglyph
The gastrovascular cavity is large and petitioned by septa or
mesenteries
secrete external skeletons composed of calcium carbonate.
Corals obtain much of their energy from microscopic photosynthetic
green algae (zooxanthellae)
Phylum Ctenophora
General information
Extended tentacles trail in the water, and passing prey are caught by
epidermal glue cells called colloblasts
Colloblasts contain an adhesive materialdischarged on contact with
prey
Apical sense organ located on the aboral surface controls beating of
cilia
-Statolith and balancers
Feed on plankton, other ctenophores and other Cnidarian jellies
Developmental stage
Cydippid larva, this develops into an adult
Phylum Platyhelminthes
General information
commonly called flatworms.
The phylum contains free-living forms, such as the common planarian
as well as parasitic flukes and tapeworms
1. Class Tubellaria
Free-living
Digestive system incomplete
form of the gut (present or absent; simple or branched; pattern of
branching) and pharynx (simple; folded; bulbous).
2. Class Monogenea
ectoparasitic species are usually attached to the gills, scales and fins
of fishes
Possess a holdfast sucker(s) at the posterior portion of the body -
opishaptor; may possess hooks or anchors (hamuli)
may be strengthened with chitinous sclerites called clamp
have a mouth, pharynx, bifurcated intestine, and cecae; there is no
anus
3.Class Monogenea
Subclass Apidogastrea
huge adhesive organ on ventral, comprised septa
a lot of alveoli
4. Class Trematoda
Endoparasites
Cuticle covering body
Oral sucker surrounds mouth
Ventral sucker used for attachment
Complex life cycles
5. Class Cestoda
Endoparasites
Body consists of proglottids and scolex
Proglottids snapshots of development
Scolex has structures for attachment (Hooks, suckers and rostellum)
No digestive system
Frame cell -- transverse excretory canal
Strobilia - Chain of segments (proglottids)
Immature proglottids - developing reproductive
Mature proglottids: mature reproductive organs.
Gravid proglottids: contain eggs in the uterus.
Phylum Nemertea
General information
Ribbon worms or proboscis worms
Long, slender, soft unsegmented worms with an eversible proboscis
Mostly benthic marine
Lacks an exoskeleton
skin is densely ciliated which circulates water for gas exchange
complete digestive system (mouth and anus)
Reproduction
Sexes are separate with fertilization occurring in the water column
Usually solitary animals that aggregate at spawning
Long lived free-swimming larvae pilidium
Phylum Gnathostomulida
General information
Common name as jaw worms
Incomplete digestive tract
Monociliated epidermal cells
Sexual stages include males, females, and hermaphrodites.
Feed by scraping bacteria and fungi from the substratum with
a pair of jaws on the pharynx.
Phylum Rotifera
General information
body comprises a head bearing a ciliated corona, a trunk, and a
posterior tail, or foot.
ciliated corona, or crown, surrounds a nonciliated central area of their
head, which may bear sensory bristles or papillae.
Bilaterally symmetrical
no circulatory or respiratory organs.
Reproduction mostly parthenogenetic
Feed on bacteria, and protists, or are parasitic
Parthenogenesis
Development from egg w/o fertilization
most rotifers female
Adaptation for freshwater habitats with severe disturbance
Phylum Acanthocephala
General information
Thorny-heads worms
Have proboscis used to pierce and hold onto hosts gut
Hosts are invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals
Lack digestive tracts (parasitic existence )
Lack a circulatory system
Have a nervous system
Sexually dioecious
The proboscis is hollow and fluid filled; it can be everted (extended) or
retracted into a proboscis receptacle
 The rest of the body, posterior to the neck is called the trunk
Phylum Gastrotricha
General information
found in marine and benthic environments -as such, they are huge
contributors intheir community
bilaterally symmetrical
anterior end is not clearly defined as a head but contains the sense
organs, brain and pharynx
Phylum Entoprocta
General information
solitary or colonial filter feeders
no blood vessels, U-shaped gut
spiral, determinate embryonic cleavage (typical protostome kind)
developing larvae may be found attached to inside of calyx
Lophophorate protostome
lophophore, a circle of tentacles used in suspension feeding
Ciliated growth of tentacles arising from mesosome (middle coelomic
compartment)
tentacles contain fingers of coelom
tentacles surround mouth, but not anus
Lophophore function
Cilia on lophophore tentacles generate a feeding current
cilia catch particles, bounce them back and forth to mouth
Phylum Ectoprocta
Bryozoa
Most species are sessile, but some slide slowly
Colony members, called zooids, feed by extending their lophophores
into surrounding water to collect tiny particles
The exoskeleton or zoecium, may, according to species, be gelatinous,
Chitinous
Undergo radial cleavage (like deuterostomes)
A cystid includes the body wall of an animal,together with its secreted
exoskeleton.
Polypides has a tiny trapdoor
 Autozooids and Heterozooids (no lophophore)
spinozooids which possess protective spines
gonozooids, which act as brood chambers for developing eggs
statoblasts, which are groups of cells surrounded by a protective
envelope.
Classification
1. Class Stenolaemmata
most extinct
tubular, calcified exoskeleton
2. Class Gymnolaemata
zooids connected by funiculus (a coelomic link)
Phylum Brachiopoda
General information
Lamp shell
The living brachiopods are the remnants of a once much more diverse
group.
have dorsal and ventral valves instead of right and left lateral valves as
do bivalve molluscs
most brachiopods the ventral (pedicel) valve is slightly larger than the
dorsal (brachial) valve
Trochophore larva
Phylum Phoronida
General information
lophophore has two parallel ridges curved in a horses hoeshape, the
bend located ventrally and the mouth lying between the two ridges
body wall consists of cuticle, epidermis, and both longitudinal and
circular muscles.
blood contains hemoglobin within nucleated cells.
a pair of metanephridia
Fertilization may be internal or external, but contrary to early reports
cleavage is radial.
Phylum Mollusca
General information
Body enclosed by a blanket-like mantle that secretes a shell made of
calcium or some other stiff structure.
A mantle cavity between the mantle and the internal organs
Soft body
Spiral cleavage
Tropophore larva
open circulatory system
Head-foot
Most have well-developed heads, which bear their mouth and some
specialized sensory organs
Have photosensory receptors
Tentacles are often present
 The radula is a rasping, protrusible,tonguelike organ found in all
molluscs except bivalves
Complex muscles move the radula and its supporting cartilages
(odontophore)
Foot secreted mucus is often used as an aid to adhesion
Have mantle cavity.
shall
periostracum is the outer organic layer
The middle prismatic layer
inner nacreous layer
Classification
1. Class Apacopoda
Wormlike body
No shell, but has a body wall made up of calcium spicules
small group of molluscs
characterized by their lack of shells and worm-like appearance
their mantle secretes tiny calcareous spicules
Radula used for grasping
2. Class Monoplacopoda
Neopilina is the only genus in this entire class
Single shell
They have 5-6 pairs of gills & eights pairs of foot retractors
This segmentation suggests an ancestral relationship with annelids.
3. Class Polyplacopoda
Posses a shell that consists of 8 overlapping plates.
Thick mantle
radula to scrape algae and other food.
4. Class Scapopoda
tusk shaped conical shells, open at both ends
feeding tentacles
Elongated tapering tubular shells that burrow in sandy bottoms
Possess as many as 100-200 tentacles which terminates as a sticky
bulb
5. Class Gastropoda
By far the largest and most diverse molluscan
Prominent head, with well-developed sensory structures (second only
to cephalopods)
Visceral mass (organs) is located inside the shell.
Their visceral mass is rotated 180 degrees during development.
6. Class Bivalvia
They have no head. (No cephalization)
They have two shells held together by powerful muscles.
Large gills are used for respiration and filter feeding.
Life cycle
7. Class Cephalopoda
have heads surrounded by a foot modified into arms and tentacles
May lack a shell
Shell may be reduced to a stiffening rod
Complex brain, two lateral eyes, excellent eyesight.
Phylum Annelida
General information
divided into similar segments called metameres arranged in linear
series and externally marked by circular rings called annuli
Most annelids bear tiny chitinous bristles called setae
two-part head, composed of a prostomium and a peristomium
Classification
1. Class Polychaeta
Many setae, on fleshy lateral outgrowths of the body wall known as
parapodia
Sexes separate, with a free-swimming trochophore larva
2. Class oligochaeta
Have few setae and no parapodia
Clitellum present
Hermaphrodites
3. Class Hirudidinea
No setae or parapodia
Clitellum present
Two suckers anterior and posterior
Secrete Hyaludine
Phylum Pogonophora
General information
beard worms
No mouth or gut
Not parasitic
Tentacles absorb dissolved nutrients
Phylum Pentastomida
General information
Consist of about 90 species of parasites of vertebrate respiratory
systems
5 hooks around mouth part
Range from 1 to 13 cm in length
Life cycle
Phylum Echiura
General information
Spoon worms
proboscis is a sheet-like mouth that can stretch out
Echiurans creates a mucus net with its proboscis
Female Echiurans are commonly found than males because males are
of microscopic size and live inside the females
Phylum Sipuncula
General information
Penut worm
Anterior part of the body forms an eversible and fully retractable
proboscis with a mouth at the end.
The introvert - used to burrowing into sediments
Unlike the annelids sipunculans lack a circulatory system with a heart
and blood vessels
Trochophore larvae forms resembling Annelida and Mollusca larvae
Phylum Nematoda
General information
Unsegmented roundworms
bilaterally symmetrical
Both free-living and parasitic forms - some can have both free-living
and parasitic stages in their life cycle
The adult anterior - may have hooks, teeth, or cutting plates in the
buccal cavity.
Internal organs - complex nerve cord, a well-developed digestive
system and complete reproductive organs
Terminology
Filariform larvae - the 3rd or infective stage; Long, thread-like;
Designed for penetration
Rhabditiform larvae - characterized by the presence of a muscular
esophagus and bulbular pharynx.
Example
Pinworms
Hookworms
Trichina
Phylum Nematomorpha
General information
Non-segmented with an indistinct head no wider than the body
They are pseudocoelomates
Have no specialized circulatory or respiratory system
lack excretory organs
life cycle
Have both a parasitic stage and free-living stage
Four life stages:
Egg
Pre-parasitic larva
Parasitic larva
Free-living adult
 Egg producing a swimming larva with an eversible barbed probosicis.
Larva enters the body cavity of an arthropod host and undergoes
metamorphosis (many species have two hosts).
The adult bursts from the body cavity of the host, killing it in the
process.
Phylum Kinorhyncha
General information
Bilaterally symmetrical, and vermiform
Body cavity is a pseudocoel.
Body possesses in a cuticle and longitudinal muscles.
nervous system with an anterior nerve ring and a double nervechord.
no circulatory system
Feed on diatoms and organic detritus.
Phylum Priapulida
General information
small group (only 16 species) of marine worms found
Cylindrical bodies like sand
Retractable introvert has papillae and rows of curved spines
Chitinous cuticle covers body and is molted regularly.
Sexes are separate.
Burrow by body contractions and orient mouth at the surface.
Phylum Onychophora
General information
commonly called walking worms
Body with 14-43 pairs of un-jointed fleshy legs.
Well developed hemocoelic body cavity with a open circulatory system.
For respiration there is a tracheal system that connects to all parts of
the body
open circulatory system very similar to the arthropod hemocoel
circulatory system.
Gas exchange is by tracheae.
 Accept for one species all dioecious
Males deposit spermatophor around or on the female. (ovoviviparous
and viviparous)
Viviparous species have a placenta like structure.
Phylum Tardigrada
General information
Water bear
Body monomeric although with four pairs of short un-jointed
clawbearing legs
Coelom has been thought to be a pseudocoelom
Ecdysone mediated molting like arthropods
mouth of tardigrades opens into a buccal tube that empties into a
muscular pharynx adapted for sucking
 Sexual and parthenogenesis are the reproductive modes exhibited in
the Tardigrada
Scientists have reported tardigrades in hot springs, on top of the
Himalayas under layers of solid ice, and in ocean sediments
Phylum Arthropoda
General information
Epidermis produces a segmented, jointed and hardened chitinous
exoskeleton with musculature between individual joints of appendages
Metamerism body is segmented. Exoskeleton and metamerism
causes molting
Process of molting
Secretion of "molting fluid" to dissolve old endocuticle.
New cuticle formed under old exocuticle.
Break out of old cuticle
Old cuticle breaks at line of weakness
Hardening of new exocuticle.
Classification
1. SP. Trilobitomorpha
C. Class Trilobita
Three-lobed head & body (left, middle,right)
Diverse in Paleozoic (540-240 MYA)
Extinct
2. SP. Chelicerata
Absence of antennae
Contains three classes, most of the animals are terrestrial and
freshwater
Cephalothorax usually has 6 pairs of appendages
First pair chelicerae
Second pair pedipalps
Both function as mouthparts
The rest are walking legs
2. SP. Chelicerata
C. Merostomata
Have exoskeletons similar to trilobites
Appendages on the abdomen are flattened and modified for gas
exchange as book gills
Terminal portion of body drawn out into an elongated spike
The cephalothorax and abdomen are covered by a hard non-jointed
carapace
Horseshoe crabs belong to this class.
2. SP. Chelicerata
C. Arachinda
Most arachnids have only 2 body regions- a cephalothorax and the
abdomen.
Arachnids have 2 chelicerae for poisoning prey and 2 pedipalps for
sensing and handling food.
4 remaining appendages aid in locomotion.
Spiders, scorpions and mites belong to this class
2. SP. Chelicerata
C. Pycnogonida
Body is not divided into distinct regions
Unique proboscis at the anterior end with an opening at its tip
Feed on soft bodied invertebrates
sea spider
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Cephalocarida
Only 9 species
Thoracic limbs and 2nd maxillae are very similar
Lack eyes, a carapace, and abdominal appendages
True hermaphrodites
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Branchiopoda
Includes three orders
Anostraca fairy shrimp no carapace
Notostraca tadpole shrimp, carapace forms a large dorsal shield
Diplostraca water fleas carapace encloses body but not head.
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Ostracoda
Ostracods are enclosed in a two part carapace and look a bit like a
clam
Marine or freshwater
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Copepoda
Planktonic crustaceans
They lack a carapace.
Antennules used in swimming
Parasitic forms highly modified and reduced - often unrecognizable as
arthropods
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Remipedia
Only 10 species
Primitive features include 2538 segments with similar, paired,
biramous swimming appendages
3. SP. Crustacea
C. Malacostraca
Contains three subclasses
Malacostracans usually have a head with 5 fused segments, a thorax
with 8 segments and an abdomen with 6.
4. SP. Atelocerata
C. Diplopoda : Millipedes
10 to 100 trunk segments fused together
2 smaller pairs of legs per segment
Feed on decaying plant materials
lack waxy cuticle
4. SP. Atelocerata
C. Chilopoda : Centipedes
15 or more trunk segments; single pair of legs
Most are predaceous
Adaptations include poison claws (maxillipeds)
4. SP. Atelocerata
C. Symphyla
have 12 leg-bearing segments, no eyes, and they resemble
centipedes.
4. SP. Atelocerata
C. Pauropoda
have a soft body and thin exoskeleton
They have 11 segments and live in leaf litter
4. SP. Atelocerata
C. Hexapoda
The thorax is divided into the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax
Legs are attached to each thoracic segment; wings,
Spiracles are located on both the thorax and abdomen
Anatomy
Phylum Chaetognatha
General information
The arrow worms
Transparent or translucent torpedo shaped invertebrate
They have a circulatory system, gaseous exchange organs or excretory
system
Hermaphroditic
Phylum Echinodermata
General information
complex series of fluid filled canals with numerous flexible feeding
5 pointed radial symmetry in adult
Have an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate
Ossicles vary in size and structure
A ring canal circles the mouth and gives off 5 radial canals
The ampullae is a small ball that sits above the tube foot
Metamorphosis of bilaterally symmetric larvae to pentaradial adults
Classification
1. Class Asteroidea
Central body disc
Most frequently 5 arms
Regeneration
sea star
Anatomy
2. Class Ophiuroidea
Reduced central disc
Reduced tube feet
Well-developed ossicles in the arms forming a system of articulating
vertebrae
Similar to Asteroids; yet a pluteus larva is formed
Brittle star
3. Class Echinodea
flattened skeleton (test) covered with a dense thicket of tiny spines
Ossicles are joined to form a rigid test
tube feet in the petaloids are used in locomotion
Pluteus larva is formed
Anus is shifted to the oral surface posterior to the mouth creating
bilateral symmetry
Sea urchins
4. Class Holothuroidea
Worm shaped body, greatly elongated along the aboral and oral
axisbody
lacking a solid, calcareous skeleton
oral end has a ring of retractile tentacles that represent highly
modified tube feet
Eversion of the respiratory tree and lower intestine
Sea cucumber
5. Class Crinoidea
most primitive of the living echinoderms
from a small cup or calyx, protrudes five flexable arms
Phylum Hemichordata
General information
Share several similarities with the chordates including
pharyngeal slits and dorsal nerve cord
Hemichordates appear to have diverged close to a point at which the
chordates originated.
Burrow through sediment and ingest it, assimilating what is of value
Body is divided into three parts: Proboscis, collar, and trunk
Mouth is located at the proboscis collar junction, which directly leads
into a pharynx
forms a feeding planktonic larva Tornaria
Classification
1. Class Enteropneusta
Possess a prominent proboscis, a collar and a long slimy trunk
Each of these three regions have a separate coelomic compartment
filled with spongy tissue
Acorn worms either live in U-shaped burrows in shallow water
2. Class Pterobranchia
Proboscis is sheild-like and secretes the tube
Use cilia on arms/tentacles to filter and transport food to mouth