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Introduction To C++: Noppadon Kamolvilassatian

This document provides an introduction to C++ and summarizes some key differences between C and C++. It covers topics like single-line comments, stream input/output, declarations, creating new data types, reference parameters, const qualifier, default arguments, and function overloading. The document contains examples to illustrate each concept.

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Ritika Midha
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75 views23 pages

Introduction To C++: Noppadon Kamolvilassatian

This document provides an introduction to C++ and summarizes some key differences between C and C++. It covers topics like single-line comments, stream input/output, declarations, creating new data types, reference parameters, const qualifier, default arguments, and function overloading. The document contains examples to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

Ritika Midha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to C++

Noppadon Kamolvilassatian

Department of Computer Engineering


Prince of Songkla University
1
Contents

 1. Introduction
 2. C++ Single-Line Comments
 3. C++ Stream Input/Output
 4. Declarations in C++
 5. Creating New Data Types in C++
 6. Reference Parameters
 7. Const Qualifier
 8. Default Arguments
 9. Function Overloading

2
1. Introduction

 C++ improves on many of C’s features.


 C++ provides object-oriented programming (OOP
).
 C++ is a superset to C.
 No ANSI standard exists yet (in 1994).

3
2. C++ Single-Line Comments

 In C,
/* This is a single-line comment. */
 In C++,

// This is a single-line comment.

4
3. C++ Stream Input/Output

 In C,
printf(“Enter new tag: “);
scanf(“%d”, &tag);
printf(“The new tag is: %d\n”, tag);
 In C++,
cout << “Enter new tag: “;
cin >> tag;
cout << “The new tag is : “ << tag << ‘\n’;

5
3.1 An Example

// Simple stream input/output


#include <iostream.h>

main()
{
cout << "Enter your age: ";
int myAge;
cin >> myAge;

cout << "Enter your friend's age: ";


int friendsAge;
cin >> friendsAge;

6
if (myAge > friendsAge)
cout << "You are older.\n";
else
if (myAge < friendsAge)
cout << "You are younger.\n";
else
cout << "You and your friend are the sam
e age.\n";

return 0;
}

7
4. Declarations in C++

 In C++, declarations can be placed anywhere (exc


ept in the condition of a while, do/while, for o
r if structure.)
 An example
cout << “Enter two integers: “;
int x, y;
cin >> x >> y;
cout << “The sum of “ << x << “ and “ << y
<< “ is “ << x + y << ‘\n’;

8
 Another example

for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++)


cout << i << ‘\n’;

9
5. Creating New Data Types in C++

struct Name {
char first[10];
char last[10];
};
 In C,
struct Name stdname;
 In C++,
Name stdname;
 The same is true for enums and unions
10
6. Reference Parameters

 In C, all function calls are call by value.


– Call be reference is simulated using pointers

 Reference parameters allows function arguments t


o be changed without using return or pointers.

11
6.1 Comparing Call by Value, Call by Reference wit
h Pointers and Call by Reference with References

#include <iostream.h>

int sqrByValue(int);
void sqrByPointer(int *);
void sqrByRef(int &);

main()
{
int x = 2, y = 3, z = 4;

cout << "x = " << x << " before sqrByVal\n"


<< "Value returned by sqrByVal: "
<< sqrByVal(x)
<< "\nx = " << x << " after sqrByVal\n\n";
12
cout << "y = " << y << " before sqrByPointer\n";
sqrByPointer(&y);
cout << "y = " << y << " after sqrByPointer\n\n";

cout << "z = " << z << " before sqrByRef\n";


sqrByRef(z);
cout << "z = " << z << " after sqrByRef\n";

return 0;
}

13
int sqrByValue(int a)
{
return a *= a;
// caller's argument not modified
}

void sqrByPointer(int *bPtr)


{
*bPtr *= *bPtr;
// caller's argument modified
}

void sqrByRef(int &cRef)


{
cRef *= cRef;
// caller's argument modified
}

14
Output

$ g++ -Wall -o square square.cc

$ square
x = 2 before sqrByValue
Value returned by sqrByValue: 4
x = 2 after sqrByValue

y = 3 before sqrByPointer
y = 9 after sqrByPointer

z = 4 before sqrByRef
z = 16 after sqrByRef

15
7. The Const Qualifier

 Used to declare “constant variables” (instead of #


define)
const float PI = 3.14156;

 The const variables must be initialized when decla


red.

16
8. Default Arguments

 When a default argument is omitted in a function c


all, the default value of that argument is automatic
ally passed in the call.
 Default arguments must be the rightmost (trailing)
arguments.

17
8.1 An Example

// Using default arguments


#include <iostream.h>

// Calculate the volume of a box


int boxVolume(int length = 1, int width = 1,
int height = 1)
{ return length * width * height; }

18
main()
{
cout << "The default box volume is: "
<< boxVolume()
<< "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<< "width 1 and height 1 is: "
<< boxVolume(10)
<< "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<< "width 5 and height 1 is: "
<< boxVolume(10, 5)
<< "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<< "width 5 and height 2 is: "
<< boxVolume(10, 5, 2)
<< '\n';

return 0;
}
19
Output
$ g++ -Wall -o volume volume.cc

$ volume
The default box volume is: 1

The volume of a box with length 10,


width 1 and height 1 is: 10

The volume of a box with length 10,


width 5 and height 1 is: 50

The volume of a box with length 10,


width 5 and height 2 is: 100

20
9. Function Overloading

 In C++, several functions of the same name can be


defined as long as these function name different se
ts of parameters (different types or different numb
er of parameters).

21
9.1 An Example
// Using overloaded functions
#include <iostream.h>

int square(int x) { return x * x; }

double square(double y) { return y * y; }

main()
{
cout << "The square of integer 7 is "
<< square(7)
<< "\nThe square of double 7.5 is "
<< square(7.5) << '\n';
return 0;
}

22
Output

$ g++ -Wall -o overload overload.cc

$ overload
The square of integer 7 is 49
The square of double 7.5 is 56.25

23

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