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Data and Process Modeling

This document discusses data flow diagrams (DFDs) and their components. DFDs show how data moves through an information system using four basic symbols - processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities. Processes transform input data into output, data flows represent the movement of data, data stores hold data for later use, and external entities interact with the system. The document provides examples and conventions for constructing DFDs at different levels of detail.

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CHAITANYABABA
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102 views

Data and Process Modeling

This document discusses data flow diagrams (DFDs) and their components. DFDs show how data moves through an information system using four basic symbols - processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities. Processes transform input data into output, data flows represent the movement of data, data stores hold data for later use, and external entities interact with the system. The document provides examples and conventions for constructing DFDs at different levels of detail.

Uploaded by

CHAITANYABABA
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Process Modeling-

Concepts and tools


How system processes transform
data into useful information
Data flow Diagrams (DFD)
• A data flow diagram DFD show how data
moves through an information system but
does not show program logic or processing
• DFD uses 4 basic symbols that represent
• Processes
• Data flows
• Data stores
• External entities
Yourdon Convention

Process

Data Flow

Data Store

External
Entity
• Process symbol: A process receives input data and
produces output that has a different content or form
• For instance process for calculating pay uses two
inputs ( Pay rate and hours worked ) to produce one
output ( Total Pay )
• E.g. calculating sale s trends, ordering or purchasing
material ,
• Processes contain the business logic or business rules
that transform data and produces the required result
Process Name
• The process name identifies a specific
function and consists of a verb followed by a
singular noun
CACULATE COMMISION
ASSIGN FINAL GRADE
ORDER MATERIAL
VERIFY ORDER
• In DFD a process appears as black box ,where
the inputs , outputs and general function of
the process are known but the underlying
details are not shown
Data flow symbol
• Data flow is a path for data to move from on part
of the information system to the other
• Data flow represents one or more data items
• DEPOSIT, INVOICE , STUDENT GRADES, ORDER
• Data store : A data store or a repository is used to
represent a situation in which the system is
required to retain the data because one or more
processes need to use the data at some latter time
• STUDENTS , PRODUCTS, ORDERS, EMPLOYEES
• External Entity : Is a person , thing , department
outside organization or other information system that
provides data to the system or receives data from the
system
• External entities show the boundary of the of the
information system and how the IS interacts with the
outside world
• Terminators: Source(Origin ) or Sink ( destination )
• CUSTOMER, SALE REP, PAYROLL SYTEM , WAREHOUSE ,
SUPPLIER
• Miracle : A process that has No input but has
an output.
• Black hole : A process that has no out put
• GRAY hole : A process which has at least one
input and one output , but the input is
insufficient to generate an output
DATA FLOW THAT CONNECTS
DATAFLOW THAT OKAY TO USE
CONNECTS
YES NO
Process to process X
Process to entity X
Process to data X
store
Entity to entity X
Entity to data store X
Data store to data X
store
• Context diagram : Is atop level view of the IS
that shows the system boundaries and scope
• Conventions : Must fit in one page
• The process name should be the mane of the
IS
• Use unique names within the each set of
symbols
• Do not cross line
• Use a unique reference number for each
process symbol -0 for Context diagram
Exploded /Partitioned / decomposed
view of process 0
• Diagram 0 : Zooms in on the context diagrams
and shows major processes , data flows and
data stores.
• Diagram 0 also repeats the external entities
and data flows shown in the context diagram
• Each process must be serially numbered
• Diverging data flow Where the same data
flows to two more location
• Higher level : Parent
• Lower level : Child
• When you create a DFD for a system you ,
break the processing logic down into smaller
units called :
• Functional Primitives – a process that consists
of a single function and cannot be further
broke down.
• Programmers use FP’s to develop code
• Lower level diagrams : AN exploded view of
the higher level diagram
• Leveling : Is the process of drawing a series of
increasingly detailed diagrams , until the
desired degree of detail is reached .
• Balancing : maintains consistency among the
entire series of diagrams including input and
output data flows ,data definition and process
descriptions
Strategies for developing DFD
• Top down model : firs create the context diagram ,
then diagram 0, then all the child diagrams for
diagram 0 and so on .
• Bottom –UP model : First identify all the functional
primitives and , data stores , data flows and external
entities ,
• The group processes with other related symbols to
develop the lowest level diagram
• Next you group those diagrams in a logical way to
form the next higher level
• You continue your way up till you reach
diagram 0
• Use a combination of the two strategies
Data Dictionary

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