I.

Overview

II. Brain Stem

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon
Brain
V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves

1
I. Overview
A. Function

B. Protection

C. Blood Supply

D. Cerebrospinal Fluid

II. Brain Stem Brain

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon

V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves 2

 The Brain and Cranial Nerves

1. Sensations

2. Memory

3. Emotions

4. Decision making

5. Behavior

3
 Principal Parts of the Brain
1. Cerebrum Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon
a) Thalamus

b) Hypothalamus

3. Cerebellum

4. Brainstem
a) Medulla Diencephalon
b) Pons
Brain Stem Cerebellum
c) Midbrain 4
 Protective Coverings of the Brain
Periosteum
And Bone
 Bone
 Periosteum

 Meninges same as around

the spinal cord
1. dura mater
Dura Mater
2. arachnoid mater
Arachnoid Mater
3. pia mater
Pia Mater 5
 Protective Coverings of the Brain

Falx cerebri

 Dura mater extensions

1. falx cerebri

2. tentorium cerebelli

3. falx cerebelli

Tentorium
cerebelli

6
Falx cerebelli
 Ependymal
Blood Supply to Brain cells
Capillary
 Arterial blood supply is branches Fluid
from circle of Willis on base of O2
brain Elec.
 Vessels on surface of brain---- Glucose
penetrate tissue
 Uses 20% of our bodies oxygen &
glucose needs
 blood flow to an area
increases with activity in that
area
 deprivation of O2 for 4 min
does permanent injury
 at that time, lysosome waste
release enzymes 7
 Ependymal
Blood Supply to Brain cells
Capillary
 Blood-brain barrier (BBB) Fluid
O2
 protects cells from some Elec.
toxins and pathogens
Glucose
 proteins & antibiotics
can not pass but
alcohol & anesthetics
do
 tight junctions seal
together epithelial cells,
continuous basement
membrane, astrocyte
processes covering waste
capillaries 8
 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
 80-150 ml (3-5oz)
 Clear liquid containing glucose,
proteins, & ions
 Functions
1. mechanical protection
 floats brain & softens
impact with bony walls
2. chemical protection
 optimal ionic
concentrations for action
potentials
3. circulation
 nutrients and waste
products to and from
bloodstream 9
 Origin of CSF Choroid
Lateral
plexus
Ventricles

 Choroid plexus =
capillaries covered by
ependymal cells
 2 lateral ventricles, one
within each cerebral
hemisphere Third
Ventricles
 roof of 3rd ventricle
Fourth
 fourth ventricle Ventricles

10
 Drainage of CSF from Ventricles

 One median aperture &

two lateral apertures
allow CSF to exit from the
Lateral Median
interior of the brain aperture
aperture

11
I. Overview

II. Brain Stem

A. Medulla Oblongata

B. Pons

C. Midbrain

D. Reticular Formation Brain

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon

V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves 15

 Medulla Oblongata
 Continuation of spinal cord

 Ascending sensory tracts

 Descending motor tracts

 Nuclei of 5 cranial nerves

 Cardiovascular center

 force & rate of heart beat

 diameter of blood vessels

 Respiratory center Medulla

 medullary rhythmicity area sets basic rhythm of breathing

 Information in & out of cerebellum

 Reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing etc 16

 Ventral Surface of Medulla Oblongata

 Ventral surface bulge

 pyramids

 large motor tract

 decussation of most fibers

 left cortex controls right

muscles

 Olive = olivary nucleus

 neurons send input to
cerebellum
 proprioceptive signals

 gives precision to movements

17
 Dorsal Surface of Medulla Oblongata

 Nucleus gracilis &

nucleus cuneatus =
sensory neurons
 relay information to
thalamus on opposite side
of brain
CN 7
CN 8
CN 9
CN 10 Nucleus
 5 cranial nerves arise from CN 11
gracilis
medulla -- 8 thru 12
CN 12
Nucleus
18
cutaneous
 Injury to the Medulla

 Hard blow to the back of

the head may be fatal
 Cranial nerve malfunctions
on same side as injury;
loss of sensation or
paralysis of throat or
tongue;
irregularities in breathing
and heart rhythm

19
 Pons

 One inch long

 White fiber tracts
ascend and descend
 Pneumotaxic &
apneustic areas help
control breathing
 Middle cerebellar
Pons
peduncles carry sensory
info to the cerebellum
 Cranial nerves 5 thru 7
20
 Midbrain Third
ventricle

 One inch in length

Cerebral
 Extends from pons to aqueduct
diencephalon
 Cerebral aqueduct
connects 3rd ventricle
above to 4th ventricle
below
Midbrain Fourth
21
ventricle
 Midbrain in Section
 Cerebral peduncles
Red
 clusters of motor & sensory
fibers nucleus

 Substantia nigra Substantia

nigra
 helps controls subconscious
muscle activity
 Dopamine
 Red nucleus
 rich blood supply & iron-
containing pigment
 cortex & cerebellum
coordinate muscular
movements by sending
information here from the
cortex and cerebellum Cerebral
22
peduncles
 Dorsal Surface of Midbrain Superior
colliculi

 Corpora quadrigemina
 superior colliculi

 inferior colliculi

 coordinate eye Inferior

movements with visual colliculi
stimuli
 coordinate head
movements with auditory
stimuli

23
 Midbrain

 Superior, middle &

inferior peduncles attach
to brainstem
 inferior carries sensory
information from spinal
cord
 middle carries sensory
fibers from cerebral
cortex & basal ganglia
Superior
 superior carries motor peduncles
fibers that extend to Inferior
motor control areas peduncles
24
 Reticular Formation

Reticular
 Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons formation
& midbrain
 Reticular activating system
 alerts cerebral cortex to
sensory signals (sound of
alarm, flash light, smoke or
intruder) to awaken from sleep
 maintains consciousness &
helps keep you awake with
stimuli from ears, eyes, skin
and muscles
 Motor function is involvement
with maintaining muscle tone

25
I. Overview

II. Brain Stem

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon
Brain
V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves

26
 Cerebellum Vermis

 2 cerebellar hemispheres
and vermis (central area)

 Function
 correct voluntary muscle
contraction and posture
based on sensory data
from body about actual
movements
 sense of equilibrium
27
 Cerebellum

 Transverse fissure between

cerebellum & cerebrum
 Cerebellar cortex (folia) &
central nuclei are grey
matter
 Arbor vitae = tree of life =
white matter

28
I. Overview

II. Brain Stem

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon

Brain
A. Thalamus

B. Hypothalamus

C. Epithalamus

D. Circumventricular Organs

V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves 29

 Diencephalon Surrounds 3rd Ventricle
Thalamus
(enclosed
in 3rd
ventricle)

 Surrounds 3rd ventricle

 Superior part of walls is

thalamus
 Inferior part of walls &
floor is hypothalamus

Hypothalamus 30
 Thalamus
Thalamus
 1 inch long mass of gray (enclosed
in 3rd
mater in each half of ventricle)
brain (connected across
the 3rd ventricle by
intermediate mass)
 Relay station for
sensory information on
way to cortex
 Crude perception of
some sensations
31
 Thalamic Nuclei

 Nuclei have different roles Emotions

 relays auditory and visual

impulses, taste and
Emotions
somatic sensations Emotions,
Alertness,
Memory
 receives impulses from Auditory

cerebellum or basal
ganglia
Integrates
 anterior nucleus with other Visual
nuclei
concerned with emotions,
memory and acquisition Motor
of knowledge (cognition)
32
 Hypothalamus

 Dozen or so nuclei in 4 major

regions
 mammillary bodies are relay
station for olfactory reflexes
 infundibulum suspends the
pituitary gland

 Major regulator of homeostasis

Smell
 receives somatic and visceral Connects to
input, taste, smell & hearing pituitary
gland
information; monitors osmotic
pressure, temperature of blood Pituitary
gland33
 Functions of Hypothalamus

 Controls and integrates activities of

the ANS which regulates smooth,
cardiac muscle and glands
 Synthesizes regulatory hormones
that control the anterior pituitary
 Contains cell bodies of axons that
end in posterior pituitary where
they secrete hormones
 Regulates rage, aggression, pain,
pleasure & arousal Smell

 Feeding, thirst & satiety centers Connects to

pituitary
gland
 Controls body temperature
 Regulates daily patterns of sleep Pituitary
gland
34
 Epithalamus
Pineal gland
 Pineal gland
 endocrine gland the size
of small pea
 secretes melatonin during
darkness
 promotes sleepiness &
sets biological clock

 Habenular nuclei
 emotional responses to
odors Habenular
nuclei
35
 Subthalamus & CVO
 Subthalamus
 small area just inferior to
thalamus
 work with basal ganglia,
cerebrum & cerebellum to
control body movements
 Circumventricular organs
 in walls of 3rd & 4th ventricles
 monitor changes in blood
chemistry because lack blood
brain barrier (parts of
hypothalamus, pineal &
pituitary gland)
 sites of entry of HIV virus into
brain (dementia) 36
I. Overview
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum
IV. Diencephalon
V. Cerebrum
A. Lobes
B. White Matter
C.
D.
E.
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Function of Cortex
Brain
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Association
4. Lateralization
5. Brain Waves
37
VI. Cranial Nerves
 Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres)

 Cerebral cortex is gray Gray matter

matter overlying white
White
matter
matter
 2-4 mm thick containing
billions
of cells
 grew so quickly formed
folds
(gyri) and grooves (sulci
or fissures)

38
 Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres) Longitudinal
fissure

Corpus
callosum

 Longitudinal fissure
separates left & right
cerebral hemispheres
 Corpus callosum is band
of white matter connecting
left and right cerebral
hemispheres

39
 Lobes and Fissures
 Each hemisphere is subdivided into 4
lobes
1. Frontal lobe
 Motor area Parietal
Frontal
 Personality, behavior
 Emotions
Occipital
 Memory Temporal
2. Parietal lobe
 Somatosensory – skin and muscle
3. Occipital lobe
 Vision
4. Temporal lobe
 Hearing
 Smell
 Taste 40
 Lobes and Fissures

Frontal Parietal
 Central sulcus (black)
Occipital
 precentral & postcentral Temporal
gyrus
 Parieto-occipital sulcus
(red)
 Lateral sulcus (yellow)

41
 Cerebral White Matter
Association
fibers

1. Association fibers
between gyri in same
hemisphere

2. Commissural fibers from

one hemisphere to other

3. Projection fibers form

descending & ascending
tracts
Commisural
fibers
Projection 43
fibers
 Basal Ganglia
Caudate
 Connections to red nucleus,
substantia nigra &
subthalamus
 Input & output with
cerebral cortex, thalamus &
hypothalamus
 Control large automatic
movements of skeletal
muscles

Globus
 Parkinson’s Disease Putamen pallidus
44
 Limbic System

 Emotional brain
 intense pleasure &
intense pain

 Strong emotions increase

efficiency of memory

45
 Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex

 Receive sensory
information from the
thalamus
 Primary somatosensory
area = postcentral gyrus =
1,2,3
 Primary visual area = 17

 Primary auditory area =

41 & 42
 Primary gustatory area =
43
47
 Motor Areas of Cerebral Cortex

 Voluntary motor initiation

 Primary motor area = 4 =
precentral gyrus
 controls voluntary
contractions of skeletal
muscles on other side
 Motor speech area = 44 =
Broca’s area
 production of speech --
control of tongue &
airway
48
 Association Areas of Cerebral Cortex
 Somatosensory area = 5 & 7
(integrate & interpret)
 Visual association area = 18 &
19 (recognize & evaluate)
 Auditory association
area(Wernicke’s) = 22(words
become speech)
 Gnostic area = 5,7,39 & 40
(integrate all senses & respond)
 Premotor area = 6 (learned
skilled movements such as
typing)
 Frontal eye field =8 (scanning
eye movements such as phone
book) 49
 Hemispheric Lateralization
 Functional specialization of
each hemisphere more
pronounced in men
 Females have larger
connections between 2
sides
 Damage to left side
produces aphasia
 Damage to same area on
right side produces speech
with little emotional
inflection 51
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)

 Brain waves are millions of

nerve action potentials in
cerebral cortex
 diagnosis of brain disorders
(epilepsy)
 brain death (absence of
activity in 2 EEGs 24 hours
apart)

1. Alpha -- awake & resting

2. Beta -- mental activity

3. Theta -- emotional stress

4. Delta -- deep sleep

52
I. Overview

II. Brain Stem

III. Cerebellum

IV. Diencephalon
Brain
V. Cerebrum

VI. Cranial Nerves

53
 Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory CN I

II. Optic CN II

III. Oculomotor
CN III
IV. Trochlear
CN IV
V. Trigeminal
CN V
VI. Abducens
CN VI
VII. Facial
CN VII
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
CN VIII
IX. Glossopharyngeal
CN IX
X. Vagus
CN X
XI. Accessory
CN XI
XII. hypoglossal 54
CN XII
 I -- Olfactory Nerve (S)

 Extends from olfactory

mucosa of nasal cavity to
olfactory bulb
 Sense of smell

 Anosmia – loss of smell

55
 II -- Optic Nerve (S)
Visual field defect

 Connects to retina
supplying vision

 Defect in Visual acuity defect

 Visual acuity

 Visual field

56
 III = Oculomotor Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory: Diplopia – double vision

 Proprioception – sense of position
 Motor:
 Levator palpebrae raises eyelid
 Ptosis – drooping of eyelid
 4 extrinsic eye muscles
 Superior, medial, inferior,
and inferior oblique
 2 intrinsic eye muscles
 accomodation for near vision
(changing shape of lens
during reading)
 constriction of pupil
57
 IV = Trochlear Nerve (M)

 Sensory:
 Proprioception – sense of
position

 Motor:
 Superior oblique eye
muscle

58
 V = Trigeminal Nerve S/M)
Tic douloureux - severe,
 Sensory: stabbing pain to one side
of the face.
 touch, pain, &
temperature receptors of
the face

1. ophthalmic branch

2. maxillary branch

3. mandibular branch

 Motor:
 muscles of mastication
59
 VI = Abducens Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory:
 Proprioception – sense of
position

 Motor:
 Lateral rectus eye muscle

60
 VII = Facial Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory:
Bell’s Palsy
 taste buds on anterior
2/3’s of tongue

 Motor:
 facial muscles

 salivary & nasal and oral

mucous glands & tears

61
 VIII = Vestibulocochlear Nerve (S/M)
 Cochlear branch begins in
medulla
 receptors in cochlea

 hearing

 if damaged deafness or
tinnitus (ringing) is produced

 Vestibular branch begins in pons

 receptors in vestibular
apparatus
 sense of balance

 vertigo (feeling of rotation)

 ataxia (lack of coordination) 62

 IX = Glossopharyngeal Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory:
 Somatic sensations &
taste on posterior 1/3 of
tongue

 Motor:
 Stylopharyngeus m. (lifts
throat during swallowing)
 Secretions of parotid
gland
63
 X = Vagus Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory:
 Receives sensations from
viscera

 Motor:
 Controls cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle of the
viscera
 Controls secretion of
digestive fluids
Bradycardia 64
 XI = Spinal Accessory Nerve (S/M)

 Cranial portion
 arises medulla

 skeletal mm of throat &

soft palate

 Spinal portion
 arises cervical spinal cord

 sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius mm.

65
 XII = Hypoglossal Nerve (S/M)

 Sensory:
 Proprioception – sense of
position

 Motor:
 Controls muscles of
tongue during speech and
swallowing

 Injury deviates tongue to

injured side when
protruded
66