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Interface Design Serial Communications

This document discusses serial communications and various related concepts. It covers synchronous and asynchronous serial communication, the RS-232 standard, handshaking, UART and USART chips like the 8250 and 8251. It also discusses serial communication types, data transfer types, asynchronous data framing, baud rates, common vocabulary like DTE and DCE, RS-232 connector pins and their functions, flow control, and other standards like UART and SDLC protocols.

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52 views37 pages

Interface Design Serial Communications

This document discusses serial communications and various related concepts. It covers synchronous and asynchronous serial communication, the RS-232 standard, handshaking, UART and USART chips like the 8250 and 8251. It also discusses serial communication types, data transfer types, asynchronous data framing, baud rates, common vocabulary like DTE and DCE, RS-232 connector pins and their functions, flow control, and other standards like UART and SDLC protocols.

Uploaded by

khsniper
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interface Design

Serial
Communications
Outline
Concept of serial communications 

Synchronous, Asynchronous 

RS-232 standard 

Hand shaking 

UART and USART chips 

and 8251 chips 8250 


What is Serial Communications

LONG
Non-Distort
Non-Expensive
short
Serial Communication
Types
Asynchronous (transfer single byte at a 
time)

Synchronous (block of data, chr., at a time) 

:Transfer 
Simplex •

Half duplex •

Full duplex •
chipset
UART, e.g. 8250 COM port 
USART, Intel 8251 
Transfer Types

Simplex, Half- and Full-Duplex Transfers


Asynchronous Data Framing
No
transfer

Idle (high): Mark


Low: Space

Overhead? (parity, start, stop)


Data Transfer Rate
Baud rate 
For Modems, # signal changes/second •
In lectures, same as bps •

bps 
Vocabulary
DTE 
Data Terminal Equipment •
e.g. computer, terminal •

DCE 
Data Communication Equipment •
connects DTE to communication lines •
e.g. modem •
RS-232 Standard
 Electronics Industries Association EIA 232
 Specifies the interface between DTE and

DCE
 Even used in applications where there is

no DCE
• e.g. connecting computer to printer, magnetic card reader,
robot, … etc.
 Introduced in 1962 but is still widely used
 Stand for Recommended Standard
Mechanical
Characteristics
pin connector-25 
pin connector is more commonly found in-9 •
IBM-PC but it covers signals for asynchronous
serial communication only

Use male connector on DTE and 


female connector on DCE
Note: all signal names are 
viewed from DTE
Pin RS232 Connector-25

Source: Duck, Bishop & Read, Data Communications for Engineers, Addison-Wesley
Pin RS232 Connector-9
DTE Connections
Electrical Characteristics
 Single-ended
• one wire per signal, voltage levels are with
respect to system common (i.e. signal ground)
 Mark: –3V to –25V
• represent Logic 1, Idle State (OFF)
 Space: +3 to +25V
• represent Logic 0, Active State (ON)
 Usually swing between –12V to
+12V
 Recommended maximum cable

length is 15m, at 20kbps


Function of Signals
 TD: transmitted data
 RD: received data

 DSR: data set ready

• indicate whether DCE is powered on


 DTR: data terminal ready
• indicate whether DTR is powered on
• turning off DTR causes modem to hang up the line
 RI: ring indicator
• ON when modem detects phone call
Function of Signals
 DCD: data carrier detect
• ON when two modems negotiated successfully and
carrier signal is established on the phone line
 RTS: request to send
• ON when DTE wants to send data
• Used to turn on and off modem’s carrier signal in
multi-point (i.e. multi-drop) lines
• Normally constantly ON in point-to-point lines
 CTS: clear to send
• ON when DCE is ready to receive data
 SG: signal ground
Flow Control
 Means to ask the transmitter to
stop/resume sending in data
 Required when:

• DTE to DCE speed > DCE to DCE speed


(e.g. terminal speed = 115.2kbps and line
speed = 33.6kbps, in order to benefit from
modem’s data compression protocol)
 without flow control, the buffer within modem will
overflow – sooner or later
• the receiving end takes time to process the data
and thus cannot be always ready to receive
Hardware Flow Control
 RTS/CTS
• the transmitting end activates RTS to inform
the receiving end that it has data to send
• if the receiving end is ready to receive, it
activates CTS
• normally used between computer and modem
 computer is always ready to receive data but modem
is not, because terminal speed > link speed
Other Standards
Programmable
Communications Interface:
UART 8250/16550
 The 16550 can control a modem
through DSR, DTR, CTS, RTS, RI
and DCD.
 In this context, the modem is

called the data set while the


16550 is called the data
terminal.
Pinout of the 16550
 A0, A1 and A2: Select an internal register
for programming and data transfer.
 ADS: Address strobe, used to latch

address and chip select.


 BAUDOUT: Clock signal from Baud rate

generator in transmitter.
 CS0, CS1, CS2: Chip selects

 CTS: Clear to send, indicates that

modem or data set is ready to exchange


information. (Used in half-duplex to
turn the line around).
Pinout of the 16550
 D7-D0: Data bus pins
connected to processor data
bus
 DCD: Data carrier detect
• used by modem to signal 16550 that
carrier is present
 DDIS: Disable driver output
• Set to 0 to indicate that processor is
reading data from the UART
• Used to change direction of data flow
through a buffer
Pinout of the 16550 cont’d
 DSR: Data set ready is input to
16550
• indicates that modem (data set) is ready to
operate
 DTR: Data terminal ready is
output
• indicates that data terminal (16550) is ready
to function
 INTR: Interrupt request is
output to processor to request
an interrupt
• Data received
• Transmit buffer empty
Pinout of the 16550
 MR: Master reset, connect to
system RESET
 OUT1, OUT2: User defined output
pins for modem or other device.
 RCLK: Receiver clock,
• clock input to receiver section of the UART
• always 16X the desired receiver Baud rate
 RD: Read inputs
• cause data to be read from register given by
the address inputs
 RI: Ring indicator input
• set 0 by modem to indicate telephone is
ringing
Pinout of the 16550
 RTS: Request-to-send signal to
modem
• indicating UART wishes to send data
 SIN, SOUT: Serial data pins, in and out
 RxRDY: Receiver ready
• transfer received data via DMA techniques
 TxRDY: Transmitter ready
• transfer transmitter data via DMA
 WR: Write
• connects to micro write signal to transfer commands
and data to 16550
 XIN, XOUT: Main clock connections
• crystal oscillator can be used
UART 8250/16450/16550
UART in PC
Registers
Transmitter holding register 
Receiver buffer register 
Interrupt enable register 
Registers
Interrupt identification register 
Line Control (Data
Format) Register
Modem Registers
Divisor Register
Synchronous Protocols

(Serial Data Link Control)


CRC

In SDLC:
G(X) = x**16 + x**12 + x**5 + 1
Block Diagram 8251

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