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DC Machine 2

The document discusses various terms related to armature winding in electric machines, including: - Pole pitch, conductor, coil, winding element, coil span, back pitch, front pitch, resultant pitch, and commutator pitch. It describes single layer, two layer, and multiplex windings. It also explains the differences between lap and wave windings, providing examples of simplex lap and wave windings with diagrams and winding characteristics.

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Fadhil A. Hasan
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338 views20 pages

DC Machine 2

The document discusses various terms related to armature winding in electric machines, including: - Pole pitch, conductor, coil, winding element, coil span, back pitch, front pitch, resultant pitch, and commutator pitch. It describes single layer, two layer, and multiplex windings. It also explains the differences between lap and wave windings, providing examples of simplex lap and wave windings with diagrams and winding characteristics.

Uploaded by

Fadhil A. Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By

Dr. Fadhil Abbas


Armature Winding:
Firstly, the meaning of the following terms used in
connection with armature winding should be clearly
kept in mind:

Pole-pitch: the distance between two adjacent poles. It


is equal to the number of armature conductors (or
armature slots) per pole. If there are 48 conductors
and 4 poles, the pole pitch is 48/4 = 12.
Conductor: The length of a wire lying in the magnetic
field and in which an emf is induced.
Coil and Winding Element: The coil may be single
turn coil or multi-turn coil. Multi-turn coil may have
many conductors per coil side. The group of wires or
conductors constituting a coil side of a multi-turn coil
is wrapped with a tape as a unit and is placed in the
armature slot. Since the beginning and the end of each
coil must be connected to a commutator bar, there are
as many commutator bars as coils for both the lap and
wave windings. The side of a coil (1-turn or multi-turn)
is called a winding element. The number of winding
elements is twice the number of coils.
Coil-span or Coil-pitch (Ys): It is the distance,
measured in terms of armature slots (or armature
conductors) between two sides of a coil. If the pole
span or coil pitch is equal to the pole pitch. Then
winding is called full-pitched. In this case, the coil
sides lie under opposite poles, hence the induced emfs
in them are additive. Therefore, maximum emf is
induced in the coil. If the coil span is less than the pole
pitch, then the winding is fractional-pitched. In this
case, there is a phase difference between the emfs. In
the two sides of the coil. Hence, the total emf round
the coil which is the vector sum of emfs in the two coil
sides is less in this case as compared to that in the first
case.
Back Pitch (YB): The distance, measured in terms of
the armature conductors, which a coil advances on the
back of the armature is called back pitch.
Front Pitch (YF): The number of armature conductors
or elements spanned by a coil on the front (or
commutator end of an armature) is called the front
pitch.
Resultant Pitch (YR): It is the distance between the
beginning of one coil and the beginning of the next coil to
which it is connected.
Commutator Pitch (Yc): It is the distance (measured in
commutator bars or segments) between the segments to
which the two ends of a coil are connected.
Single-layer Winding: It is that winding in which one
conductor or one coil side is placed in each armature slot.
Such a winding is not much used.
Two-layer Winding: In this type of winding, there are two
conductors or coil sides per slot arranged in two layers.
Usually, one side of every coil lies in the upper half of one
slot and other side lies in the lower half of some other slot.
Such windings are the most commonly used for all
medium-sized machines. Sometimes 4 or 6 or 8 coil sides
are used in each slot in several layers because it is not
practicable to have too many slots.
Multiplex Winding: In such windings, there are several
sets of completely closed and independent windings. If
there is only one set of closed winding, it is called
simplex wave winding. If there are two such windings
on the same armature, it is called duplex winding and
so on.
Lap and Wave Windings:
Simplex Lap-winding:
In lap winding, the finishing end of one coil is
connected to a commutator segment and to the
starting end of the next coil under the same pole and
so on, till all the coils have been connected. Following
points regarding simplex lap winding should be
carefully noted :
1. The back and front pitches are odd and of opposite
sign. But they cannot be equal. They differ by 2.
2. Resultant pitch YR is even, YR =YB YF=2.
3. The number of slots for a 2-layer winding is equal to the
number of coils. The number of commutator segments is
also the same.
4. The number of parallel paths in the armature (a)=P
where P the number of poles.
5. If YB > YF i.e. YB = YF + 2, then we get a progressive or
right-handed winding i.e. a winding which progresses in
the clockwise direction as seen from the commutator
end. In this case, YC = + 1.
6. If YB < YF i.e. YB = YF -2, then we get a retrogressive or left-
handed winding i.e. one which advances in the anti-
clockwise direction when seen from the commutator
side. In this case, YC = -1.
7. For progressive winding;

8. For retrogressive winding;

9. Z/P must be even to make the winding possible.


10. The total number of brushes is equal to the number
of poles.
11. The number of armature conductors (connected in
series) in any parallel path is Z/P.
Example-1: Draw a developed diagram of a simple 2-
layer lap-winding for a 4-pole generator with 16 coils.

Solution: The number of commutator segments = 16


Number of conductors or coil sides 16 * 2 = 32
Pole pitch = 32/4 = 8
Simplex Wave
Winding:

conductor AB is connected to CD lying under S-pole and


then to EF under the next N-pole. In this way, the winding
progresses, passing successively under every N-pole and S-
pole till it returns to a conductor AB lying under the original
pole. Because the winding progresses in one direction round
the armature in a series of waves, it is known as wave
winding. If, after passing once round the armature, the
winding falls in a slot to the left of its starting point then the
winding is said to be retrogressive. If, however, it falls one
slot to the right, then it is progressive.
Example-2: Draw a developed diagram of a simplex 2-
layer wave-winding for a 4-pole dc generator with 30
armature conductors. Hence, point out the
characteristics of a simple wave winding.
Solution:
30 2
YA 8 or 7
4

Taking YA=7, we have YB=YF=7 .The simple winding


table is as under:

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