Department of Electrical Engineering

University College of Engineering & Technology

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

(EE-501)
 Aims and Objectives
2

By the end of the course, you would have understood:

Basic Signal Analysis

Basic System Analysis

Time-Domain Analysis

Laplace Transform and Transfer Functions

Fourier Series and Fourier Transform

Sampling Theorem and Signal Reconstructions

Basic z-Transform
 Books

1. Signal and Systems

by
A. V. Oppenheim

2. Signal and Systems

by
Schaums Outline Series

3. Lecture Slides
 Introduction
4

What
is
Signal

Examples
 Introduction
5

Example
Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R

vs + i C vc
-

Current Voltage
flowing in the across the
Resistor Capacitor
iR(t) Vc(t)
 Introduction
6

What
is
System?

Input signal Output signal

System
x(t) y(t)
 Introduction
7

vs + i C vc
-
 Introduction
8

Medical

Remote Sensing
 Classification of Signals
9

Signals may be classified into:

Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Analogue and Digital Signals

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Energy and power signals

Deterministic and Probabilistic Signals

Causal and Non-Causal
Even and Odd Signals

Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals

 Classification of Signals
10

Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time Signals

x(t)
x[n]

t n
Parentheses () Brackets []
Denote by x(t), where the time Denote by x[n], where n is an
interval may be bounded (finite) integer value that varies discretely
or infinite
Some real world and many digital
Most signals in the real world are signals are discrete time, E.g. pixels,
continuous time, Eg. voltage, daily stock price, Yearly Population,
velocity,
 Classification of Signals
11

Discrete-Time Signals
A discrete-time signal x[n] may be obtained by sampling continuous-
time signal x(t).

Sampling Interval

Samples

Sampling Interval
where t = nTs

Integer
 Classification of Signals
12

Analog Signals & Digital Signals

If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take If a discrete-time signal x[n] can
on any value in the continuous interval take on only a finite number of
(a, b), then the continuous-time signal distinct values, then we call this
x(t) is called an analog signal. signal a digital signal.

When the sample values of

discrete signal are quantized,
it becomes digital signal.
 Classification of Signals
13

Even & Odd Signals

x(-t) = x(t) for all t x(-t) = -x(t) for all t
x[-n] = x[n] for all n x[-n] = -x[n] for all n

x(t) x(t)

symmetric around t = 0 anti-symmetric around t = 0

 Classification of Signals
14

Even & Odd Signals

Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals, one of which
is even and one of which is odd.
 Classification of Signals
15

Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals

A signal is periodic if for some A signal is aperiodic/non-periodic if
positive constant T it is not periodic
x(t + T ) = x ( t ) x(t + T ) x ( t )

The smallest value of T for which Aperiodic signal does not repeat
this holds is the period itself
A periodic signal repeats itself A non-periodic signal is assumed to
after every T period. have a period T =
 Classification of Signals
16

Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals

x[n+N] = x[n] x[n+N] x[n]

If N is the period of x[n], then x[n]

= x[n+mN] where m=0,1,2
The fundamental period N0 of x[n]
is the smallest possible value of N.
 Classification of Signals
17

Only if the ratio of the periods can be

expressed as a Rational Number
 Classification of Signals
18

Energy & Power Signals

For Energy signals For power signals

0<E< and P =0 0<P< and E =

Signal energy of a signal is defined as the area Average power of the signal is given by
under the square of the magnitude of the signal.

For a periodic signal x(t) the average signal

The units of signal energy depends on the unit of
power is
the signal.

T is any period of the signal.

Periodic signals are generally power signals.
 Classification of Signals
19

Random Signals
Two ways to describe the randomness of the signal are:

Entropy:

This is the natural meaning and mostly used in system performance

measurement.

Correlation:
This is useful in signal processing by directly using correlation functions.
cannot be described by a mathematical equation
they are modeled in probabilistic terms
 Classification of Signals
20

Causal, Anti-Causal & Non-Causal Signals

Signal that are zero for Signals that are zero for A non-causal signal is one
all negative time all positive value that has non zero values in
both positive and negative
time
 Classification of Signals
21

Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals

x(t) = cos(2f t + ) A generic complex exponential signal
= cos(t + ) (continuous time) is of the form:
x[n] = cos(2fn + )
= cos(n + ) (discrete time)
where C and a are, in general, complex
numbers.

Exponential and sinusoidal signals are characteristic of real-world signals and also
from a basis (a building block) for other signals.
 22

Real Exponential Signals

Exponential Growth Exponential Decay
 Operations of Signals
23

Different operations are required for different purposes of arbitrary

signals.

The operations on signals can be

Time Shifting :Move of time from one period to another.

Time Scaling
Time Inversion or Time Folding
Time Shifting
24
 Time Scaling
25

For the given function x(t), x(at) is

the time scaled version of x(t)
Given x(t) and we are to find y(t) = x(2t).
For a 1,period of function x(t) reduces
and function speeds up. Graph of the
function shrinks.

For a 1, the period of the x(t) increases

and the function slows down. Graph of
the function expands
 Time Scaling
26

Given y(t),
find
w(t) = y(3t)
and
v(t) = y(t/3).

Some values of the signal y[n]

are lost.

The scaling factor k = 2, every

second value of x[n] is lost
in y[n].
 Time Reversal
27

Time reversal is also called time folding

 Typical Signals/Waveforms
28

The Sinusoid

The unit Step function

The Signum Function

The Pulse

The unit impulse

Typical Signals/Waveforms
29

The Sinusoid

where the constant A is called amplitude

of sinusoid, the constant w is called the
(angular) frequency (measured in
radians per second), and the constant
is called phase
 Typical Signals/Waveforms
30

The Unit Step Function

The unit step function denoted by u(t) and is defined by

u(t-t0)

u(t)
1
1

t
t
The unit step function u(.) The delayed unit step function
 Typical Signals/Waveforms
31

The Signum Function

The Signum function denoted by sgn(t) and is defined by

sgn(t)
1

t
-1

The signum function, is closely related to the unit-step function.

 Typical Signals/Waveforms
32

The Pulse
Rectangular Pulse/Gate Function

The area under an impulse is

called its strength or weight.
It is represented graphically
by a vertical arrow. An
impulse with a strength of one
is called a unit impulse.

0
t
 Typical Signals/Waveforms
33

Unit impulse Function

Unit Impulse/ Dirac delta Function

(t)

In general, for a unit impulse at an arbitrary

point t0,

0 t
Unit impulse function is the derivative
of the unit step
Properties of the Impulse Function
34

The Sampling Property

The Scaling Property

The Replication Property

g(t) (t) = g (t)
 Unit Impulse Train
35

The unit impulse train is a sum of infinitely uniformly-

spaced impulses and is given by
 Typical Signals/Waveforms
36

Ramp, Triangle
Unit Ramp Function Unit Triangle Function

tri(t)

r(t) 1

1
-1 1 t

0 1 t The unit triangle is related to the unit rectangle

through an operation called convolution.
Typical Signals/Waveforms
37

Sinc Function