Colour Theory
Colour Theories
1. Subtractive Theory
The subtractive, or
pigment theory deals
with how white light is
absorbed and reflected
off of colored surfaces.
2. Additive Theory
The Additive, or light
theory deals with
radiated and filtered
light.
Subtractive Theory
Black absorbs most light
White reflects most light
Coloured Pigments absorb light and
reflect only the frequency of the
pigment colour.
All colours other than the pigment
colours are absorbed so this is called
subtractive colour theory.
The primary colours in Subtractive
Theory are:
Cyan (C)
Magenta ( M )
Yellow ( Y )
Black (K)
Subtractive or Pigment Theory is
used in printing and painting.
Additive Theory
Black radiates no light
White (sun) radiates all light
Video is the process of capturing and
radiating light, therefore it uses Additive
(Light) Theory not Subtractive (Pigment)
Theory.
The primary colours in Additive Theory
are:
Red (R)
Green (G)
Blue (B)
The primary colours add together to
make white
Light Theory is also called Additive
Theory.
Light Theory is used in Television, theater
lighting, computer monitors, and video
production.
The Visible Spectrum
The Colour Wheel
If the ends of the spectrum are bent around a
colour wheel is formed:
The Colour Wheel
Colours on the wheel
can be described
using three
parameters:
1. Hue: degrees from 0
to 360
2. Saturation: brightness
or dullness
3. Value: lightness or
darkness
(As suggested by Henry Albert Munsell
in A Colour Notation, 1905)
The Colour Tree by American artist Henry Albert Munsell from
A Colour Notation, 1905.
The Colour Wheel: Hue
Hue or Spectral
Colour is represented
as an angle.
Primary Colours:
0 = Red
120 = Green
240 = Blue
Secondary Colours:
60 = Yellow
180 = Cyan
300 = Magenta
The Colour Wheel: Saturation
Saturation or Chroma is
the intensity of a colour.
A highly saturated colour
is bright and appears
closer to the edge of the
wheel.
A more unsaturated
colour is dull.
A colour with no
saturation is achromatic
or in the grey scale.
The Colour Wheel: Value
"the quality by which we
distinguish a light color
from a dark one."
- Albert Henry Munsell
A Colour Notation 1905
Value represents the luminescent
contrast value between black
and white
The Colour Wheel: Value
The Colour Wheel: Value
The Colour Wheel 3d
Three parameters to describe a colour: Hue
Chroma Value
Tone = Shade + Tint
Colour Pickers
HSB, HLS, HSV
RGB
CMYK
Others
Crayon
Lab
PANTONE
Munsells notation wheel
Colour Pickers: HSB, HLS,
HSV
HSV
Hue
Saturation
Value
HSB (Same as HSV)
Hue
Saturation
Brightness
HLS
Hue
Lightness
Saturation
Colour Pickers: RGB, CMYK
RGB
Red
Green
Blue
Used in Video and
Computer graphics
3 Values in % or between
0-255
CMYK
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
K = Black
Used for printing
Colour Pickers: Crayon,
PANTONE
Crayon
Easy to use
Pantone Colour Matching System
Standard for the printing industry
Colour Pickers: Lab
L,a,b Colour opposition
correlates
L = Lightness (0 = White, 100
= Black)
+a to -a = Red to Green
+b to -b = Yellow to Blue
Colour Pickers: Bit Depth
Each colour is described by 3 values,
each with a possible range of 0 to 255.
256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 possible
colours
224 = 16,777,216 = 24 bit colour
Colour Schemes
Systematic ways of selecting colours
Monochromatic
Complimentary
Analogous
Warm
Cool
Achromatic
Chromatic Grays
Colour Schemes: Monochromatic
Monochromatic:
Artist: Marc Chagall One Hue many values of
Title: Les Amants Sur Le Toit Tint and Shade
Colour Schemes: Complimentary
Artist: Paul Cezanne
Complimentary: Colours
Title: La Montage Saint Victoire that are opposite on the
Year: 1886-88 wheel. High Contrast
Colour Schemes: Analogous
Artist: Vincent van Gogh Analogous: A selection of
Title: The Iris colours that are adjacent.
Year: 1889 Minimal contrast
Colour Schemes: Warm
Artist: Jan Vermee Warm: First half of the wheel
Title: Girl Asleep at a Table give warmer colours. The
Year: 1657 colours of fire.
Colour Schemes: Cool
Artist: Pablo Picasso Cool: Second half of the
Title: Femme Allonge Lisant wheel gives cooler colours
Year: 1939
Colour Schemes:
Achromatic, Chromatic Grays
Achromatic: Black and white Chromatic Grays: Also called
with all the grays in-between. neutral relief. Dull colours, low
contrast.
Colour Theory
Colour Theories
Subtractive (ink)
Additive (video)
The Colour Wheel
Colour Pickers
HSB, RGB, CMYK
Colour Schemes
Monochromatic
Analogous
Complimentary
Warm, Cool
